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I. The words & expressions you should be able to use:

embody cricket multitude
substance pulse melodious
click scraping disassociate
reminiscent shrill speckle
luminous symphony bat
receptiveness tune frantic
throb insistently high-pitched
span semblance consonance
camouflage vibrate chorus
slender fragile transparent
perpetuate string sensitivity
dormant hatch cycle
attune 　 　 

pass by die down
be relieved of go up
in detail be reminiscent of
back and forth show up
have (no) effect on by day
at intervals speed up
slow down in response to
as much as send up
be attuned to 　 

II. The words you need to know their meanings in Chinese only:
  
plainsong resinous
rasp ratchet
reedy shred
fold taut
chute linger
leathery flatter
ripple duck
myth hearsay
erratic contrapuntal
strand swoop
whorl shudder
horn tempo
spot grasshopper
ovipositor waxy
antenna curve
twig low-treed
shrubby immaterial
membranous peeper
field manual Fahrenheit
fiddle hum
miraculous happenstance 

III. The sentences you can paraphrase:
  
Many Augusts, singing loud, have passed me by without my giving them a shred of attention.

I don't think I knew much more than that, although I suppose I was aware of what a cricket sounded like.

I know now, as I did then, that at night when the air is soft and cool, a multitude of separate actions having died down, and when the earth is relieved of a fire taken to the stars, a plainsong goes up and the night takes substance in pulsing sound.

There is only one phrase for each species of insect.

Having heard of using a flashlight to search for these musicians, I go out, sometimes after eight-thirty, and start training it on sounds, with complete lack of success at first.

I duck at the leathery, fluttering sound, something like the rippling folds of a taut chute, despite my knowing that only in lingering myth and hearsay do bats catch in human hair.

Then I notice a female moving in his direction.

August's high sounding means a coming end, but all of its connections and associations join in sending on the year.

The male calls to attract the female, though it is apparently not known whether her arrival may not be the result of happenstance.

The organic cycle continues, making an announcement, sending up a music whose players are so attuned to light and dark, sunlit or clouded skies, warm air or cold, day or night, that their existence depends upon the slightest change.
 
IV. The paragraphs you can translate into Chinese:
  
Many Augusts, singing loud, have passed me by without my giving them a shred of attention. What made the sound? The air, or the trees, the month itself, embodied in unknown voices? I don't think I knew much more than that, although I suppose I was aware of what a cricket sounded like. Perhaps it is time to find out more. I know now, as I did then, that at night when the air is soft and cool, a multitude of separate actions having died down, and when the earth is relieved of a fire taken to the stars, a plainsong goes up and the night takes substance in pulsing sound.

When I listen, I see that in detail the sounding of an August night is not melodious. It is full of clicks, dry Rasps, ratchets, reedy, resinous scrapings, and except for countless populations playing on one string, disassociated. There is only one phrase for each species of insect. The overall sound is occasionally reminiscent of telegraph wires, mechanically shrill and tense; but in the context of the night, speckled with stars, it becomes as wide, warm, and luminous as any symphony.

There is a miraculous sensitivity in the cricket that slows down when the temperature begins to cool at night, or even when a cloud passes over the sun by day. The male calls to attract the female, though it is apparently not known whether her arrival may not be the result of happenstance. His playing is as much a part of general expression as individual intention or reaction. In any case the eggs are laid, which will stay dormant throughout the winter, to hatch in the spring. The organic cycle continues, making an announcement, sending up a music whose players are so attuned to light and dark, sunlit or clouded skies, warm air or cold, day or night, that their existence depends upon the slightest change.
 
V. The grammatical items you should learn to apply:
  
Reported speech  

sound
  
sound n.
what is or may be heard; (something that causes) a sensation in the ear
Sound travels fast, but light travels faster.
The horrifying sound of a scream in the night awoke everybody.
 
sound v.
1.(to cause something) to make a sound
They waited for the siren to sound again.
They sounded trumpets to announce the arrival of the royalty.
2. to seem; to convey a certain impression
You sound depressed.
That sounds like Arthur coming upstairs.
His voice sounds as if he had a cold.

embody
  
embody v.
1. to include
The new machine embodies many new safety features.
2. to express or represent in words, in actions, in (living) form; to give form (to an idea, etc.)
His gentleness embodies a Christian ideal.
He embodied his views in a memorandum.
 
embodiment n.
a thing or person that embodies something
She is the embodiment of virtue.
This is the embodiment of all our hopes.

 relieve
  
relieve v.
l. to lessen or stop (a person's pain, worry, boredom, etc.)
To relieve his toothache, he rubbed whisky on his gums.
His humorous remark relieved the tension in the room.
2. to take over (a job or task) from someone; to dismiss from one's job
Let me relieve you of that case; it looks terribly heavy.
He was happy to be relieved of some of the detailed paperwork.
The general was relieved of his office as a supreme commander.
3. to bring help to, to aid
Public funds relieved the poverty-stricken families.
 
relieved adj.
no longer anxious or worried
We were relieved to hear that she was out of danger.
She felt relieved at the prospect.
 
relief n.
1. a feeling of comfort at the ending of anxiety, fear, or pain
He drinks to find relief from his domestic trouble.
A thunderstorm in hot weather brings relief.
2. help given to people in need of it
If he could only stay afloat another day, be was certain that relief would be in sight.
The poor families survived on relief.

lack
  
lack v.
to have too little or none of
I lacked the stamina to run the whole length of the race.
You are more experienced than he is, but you lack his drive.
 
be lacking (in)
l. to be without or not to have enough
None of his plans ever comes through because he is lacking in determination.
2. to be absent; to be present in too little an amount
Money for the project is not lacking but enthusiam is.
 
lack n.
the state of not having any or enough
The people trapped in the cell soon died for lack of air.
There is no lack of literature on this subject.

1. Many Augusts ... have passed me by 
　I am hardly aware that many singing Augusts have come and then gone; they have not aroused any of my attention.
　While "passed by me" (where "by" is a preposition) has the mere physical meaning of "went by the side of me," "passed me by" (where "by" is an adverb) is more
figurative, emphasizing a lack of influence upon me or connection with me. More examples:
　It was a great chance but it passed me by. (It missed me; I wasn't aware of it.)
　In distributing the papers this morning, the newsboy passed us by. (He forgot to give us a paper.)
　She feels that life is passing her by. (She feels that she is not profiting from life or enjoying the opportunities and pleasures of life.)

2. a shred of attention 
　the slightest attention

3. the month itself, embodied in unknown voices 
　the month itself, which is expressed in the tangible form by unfamiliar voices

4. I don't think I knew much more than that 
　That's all I knew.

5. the air is soft 
　It is not fast moving.

6. a multitude of separate actions having died down 
　with a great number of individual, unconnected, day time activities coming gradually to a stop.
　Here the author is emphasizing the contrast between being "separate" during the day and "playing on one string" at night. "Actions" may refer to the actions of human beings coming and going, or insects each of which goes about its own business in the daytime. In fact, the whole sentence contrasts August day with night: during the day, there is wind blowing, the temperature is high, we have discord and noises, and a blazing hot sun beats down on us; at night, we are relieved of those unpleasant things, and a collective singing in chorus can be heard.

7. a fire taken to the stars 
　the sun that has joined the stars, that has hidden itself behind the stars (Mother nature has taken it to the stars.

8. plainsong 
　a tune sung by a group of voices in unison, with nonmusical instruments being played at the same time

9. goes up 
　rises

10. the night takes substance in pulsing sound 
　The night comes to be composed of rhythmical sound; the sound forms the content of the night.
　take substance in: take the shape/form of (substance: the essential matter a thing consists of, content; in: in the form of)
　pulsing: with strong regular beats
  
11. melodious 
　tuneful; sweet-sounding;, pleasant to listen to

12. It is fall of clicks ... resinous scrapings 
　In order to make readers "hear" the sound (it is difficult to describe a sound in words ), the author gives them a lot of concrete things which can provoke in their minds associations with the sound they produce. Clicks are the imitation (onomatopoeic) of the sound such as is produced when a key turns in a lock. Rasps and ratchets are originally. mechanisms or tools, which produce a particular noise as they work. Scrapings are the harsh, unpleasant noise produced when one thing is rubbed against another. "Reedy" reminds the readers of the shrilling sound made by the reed, a pipe-like musical instrument, and "resinous" of the noise you make when rubbing, for example a violin bow with resin (called "song xiang" in Chinese). "Telegraph wires" in the same paragraph has a similar sensory effect.
　Note that the author refers back to "rasping", "racheting" and "respectively" in paragraphs 4, 6, and 9.
　dry: (of a sound) rough, sharp, harsh, not smooth, e.g.
　The branch snapped with a dry cracking noise.

13. except for countless populations ... disassociated 
　If different species of insects did not sing the same tune/play the same notes, the August night would sound disharmonious and unattractive.
　except for: if it were not for the fact that countless populations: numerous species of insects. cf. the elephant population in Kenya
　string: a cord on such musical instruments as the violin or guitar. If someone harps on one string, he talks repeatedly about nothing but one and the same matter.
　disassociated: dissonant, as when a combination of disconnected musical notes is played at the samc time

14. There is only one phrase for each species of 
　A phrase is a short piece of music consisting of several notes. The sentence means each species of insect, such as the cricket or grasshopper, has its own fixed group of sounds and sings it over and over again.

15. is occasionally reminiscent of telegraph wires 
　sometimes reminds one of the sound made by the telegraph transmitter

16. it becomes as wide, warm, and luminous as any symphony 
　In the context of the starry night, you feel the music is all over the place, is comfortable and easily understood.
　Some similes are simply descriptive, drawing images through overt comparison:
　Big black flies hit us like bombs.
　Other similes are illuminative, in that they try to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, etc. through suggestive association; to throw light, as it were, onto what would otherwise be inconceivable to the average reader:
　There was a secret meanness that clung to him almost like a small. (the suggestion of an all-prevailing meanness in the man)
　We may take ". . . as any symphony" as an illuminative simile. The illuminative simile is more difficult to interpret than the descriptive, because it is not always easy to catch the intended insight.
 
17. training it on sounds 
　pointing the flashlight (torch) towards the source of sounds

18. It is known for accuracy 
　The bat is well-known for being accurate in its movements.

19. with a receptiveness like radar 
　with a sensitivity to incoming objects like that of radar

20. tuned to the finest measurements of space 
　capable of measuring the smallest distance in space

21. it beats 
　It flies; it beats its wings.

22. I duck at the ... sound 
　I lower my head quickly as soon as I hear the sound coming.

23. lingering myth 
　myth that is slow to die out, and has been passed down to people of today

24. hearsay 
　gossip that one hears other people say

25. catch in human hair 
　get entangled in human hair
　catch: (cause to) be hooked or held
　The kite caught in a tree.
　Her dress caught on a nail.
　The nail caught her dress.
　She caught her dress on a nail.
　Her dress got caught on a nail.

26. erratic 
　following an irregular, unpredictable course (described as "frantic . . .back and forth, around, over and under")
　This library is a treasure-house of knowledge.
   
27. The darkness takes deeper hold 
　It becomes darker.
　take hold: gain complete control or influence over something, as here over the earth
　He did not let his anger with the lady take hold of him.
　Then the fire took hold.
　The idea takes a deep hold upon popular mind (it appeals powerfully to the general public).

28. the loud throbbing 
　the loud, rhythmical/pulsing sound; strong beats (The word "throbbing" is often used with heartbeats.)

29. tree frog 
　(also yet less commonly called "tree toad") any of the various small frogs that live in trees

30. soundings contrapuntal "Ek-ek" 
　Sometimes a tree frog will accompany the rasping of the insects with a melody of "Ek-ek".
　Contrapuntal is the adjective of counterpoint (where counter comes from the Latin word contra), meaning "composed according to the rules of counterpoint."
　A counterpoint is a musical tune which accompanies another and principal tune, note for note, according to certain rules of harmony, so that the two can be played at the same time to produce a particular effect. It is so called because in former times the notes of the additional tune (originally represented by "points," i.e. dots in musical notation) were marked opposite or against (counter) the corresponding notes in the basic tune.
　Note that the author frequently makes an extended comparison of the sounds of nature with the experience of music. The extensive use of words from music, combined
　with vivid, onomatopoeic words (such as ek-ek, zzz, and tic-tic-tic), is another powerful mean s to help readers hear sounds through words, in addition to the association-provoking means discussed in note 12. Other examples of the use of musical terms include: plainsong, string, phrase, symphony, consonance, chorus, and fiddling.

31. playing my flashlight 
　moving it about erratically

32. shows up a spider web in beautiful detail 
　reveals a spider web; which appears so beautiful when every part of it is seen clearly

33. the silk strands 
　the shiny threads of the web

34. their swoops and whorls 
　Swoops are the straight lines of thread and whorls are the spiral threads. They join each other to form the patterns in the web.

35. long perfected execution 
　the spider's excellent spinning that has taken considerable time to learn ("Long" is an adverb and modifies "perfected." cf. beautifully decorated house)

36. way up on his round span 
　high up on his well (The writer is standing under the tree and directing his torch at the web overhead "against the black night.")
　"Way" is used to intensify expressions of distance and time, meaning "far" or "at some distance," especially in colloquial American English and in such combinations as "way back," "way above," "Way up," "way ahead," "way
behind."
　They live way out in the country.
　It happened way back in 1910.
　They're way ahead of us.
　You are way below the standard required.
　A span is something that stretches between two pillars or supports, as of a bridge. The Spider's web can be called a "span," because it hangs across from one tree branch to another (it spans two tree branches).

37. his semblance of the globe in its vast waters 
　The dark spider looks like the globe surrounded by vast oceans.
　Here, the shiny, silk web is compared to waters, and the spider to the earth. Though waters actually cover the earth's surface rather than surround it, the simile is valid, since poetic language need not be as accurate as science.

38. paragraph 4 
　The author is taking a night walk in search of the "musicians." In his sequential discovery of a great variety of sounds, lie also records what he sees on his way. In this paragraph, for example, he focuses his description on the spider web although a spider does not make a sound, at least not any sound audible to the human ear.
　Note that the author uses a lot of figurative language, analogies for example, to help readers visualize his description of the natural world. "Many Augusts, singing loud, have passed me by" (personification) and "a fire taken to the stars" in paragraph 1, and "the rippling folds of a taut chute" in paragraph 3 are a few more examples. In this sense, the essay approaches poetry.

39. In high suspension . . .ring well consonance 
　The music goes up from the ground, and has reached the sky. It now stays (is suspended), as it were, high up in the air, where things are much more quiet (larger silences) than on the earth, and in that background, the music rings like a pleasing combination of different sounds.

40. the pulse of living instruments is with ... my blood and bone 
　Here readers are shown a grand picture: the whole universe, including the stars and the ground, my heart and ear, my blood and bone, responds to and vibrates with the rhythm of the music.
　the pulse: the throbbing; the rhythmical vibrations
　living instruments : insects, that are living musical instruments
　massed: large gatherings/clusters of; assembled in large numbers, e.g. massed troops for an attack
   
41. light racheting 
　low, soft racheting (also spelled "ratcheting") sound, the sound produced when a ratchet is at work

42. ovipositor 
　organ at the end of the abdomen of the female of certain insects, by which eggs are deposited. Ovi comes from the Latin ovum, meaning "egg," and positor means "placer."
  
43. The flashlight seems to have no effect on him 
　Perhaps this is because his mind is on courting the female.

44. The front wings are ... raised up a little 
　A grasshopper has a pair of front wings and a pair of hind wings. "Raised" here is a past participle used as an adjective. "Are" functions as the linking verb, the passive "be," and the continuous "be."

45. fast, dry shuddering 
　rapid succession of sharp vibrating sounds

46. sweeping curves 
　long curves

47. sometimes both together ...both directions 
　Sometimes his two antennae point to and touch each Other to form a semicircle, sometimes they turn away from each other to face opposite directions.

48. stops his playing 
　stops vibrating his front wings

49. moving in his direction 
　moving towards him

50. Had he increased ... ? Did he sense ... ? 
　The past and past perfect tenses indicate that this happens before he stops his playing.
  
51. snowy 
　white

52. low-treed, shrubby area 
　area covered with low trees and shrubs

53. Where the long-horned ... pulse on 
　While the basic role of "where" is to introduce a clause of place, as in
　Where (= in places in which) the fire had been, we saw nothing but blackened ruins.
　Where Mary lives, the traffic is very noisy.
　"Where" sometimes, as in the quoted sentence of the text, combines the meaning of place with the meaning of contrast. In that case, it can be replaced by "whereas."
　Where I saw only wilderness, they saw abundant signs of life.
　They want a house, where we would rather live in a flat.
　The contrast in the quoted sentence lies between "at intervals" (with breaks now and then) and "on" (continuously).

54. a very pale, almost immaterial green 
　an almost non-existent green. The green is so pale that it borders on no color at all.

55. when it plays 
　"It" refers to the long-horned grasshopper.

56. like peepers in the spring 
　like the cry made by peepers (cf. "like radar" in note 19)
　A peeper is any of the several tree frogs that make a short, high-pitched sound (that peep) - in early, spring, referring especially to the spring peeper found
in the U.S.A. and Canada.

57. field manual 
　a booklet that contains information or data collected from practical studies in a real, natural environment (the field), rather than data from studies in controlled conditions such as the laboratory, office, library. cf. field studies, field tests, field scientist/worker, fieldwork
 
58. a coming end 
　the impending death of the musicians

59. all of its connections and associations 
　everything that is connected or associated with the singing August; all things that go on in August

60. join in sending on the year 
　work together to maintain the cycle of the seasons. "Join in" may refer to the action of someone who becomes part of an already existing group, who adds himself to something already taking place:
　He spontaneously joined in singing the popular song.
　It may also mean the banding together of a group for a common activity:
　The neighbors joined (together) in building a new house for the stricken family.

61. as well as the hum of tourists driving down the Cape and back again 
　This is also what the bustling noise of tourists means, who drive here and go back when the tourist season is about over (August is a time for travelling and relaxation).

62. the chosen string 
　the sound of August 
 
63. that slows down 
　whose song slows down

64. it is ... not known whether ... of happenstance 
　The implied meaning is that the female may have come quite by chance, independently of the male's call.
　Compare:
　I asked him whether he knew her (I assumed they did not know each other).
　I asked him whether he did not know her (I assumed he knew her).
　Also cf. Lesson 11, note 33.

65. His playing is as much ... or reaction 
　It is possible that he would sing anyhow, regardless of any specific event. It is equally possible that his singing is his particular intention (e.g. to court the female) or his particular reaction (e.g. to the coming of the female).
　"As much as" is used to emphasize that two situations are equally true. e.g.
　It is as much our responsibility as yours. (You and we are equally responsible.)
　Punctuation is as much a matter of style as of grammar. (It is not only a matter of grammar, but also a matter of style.)

66. the organic cycle 
　the life cycle; the cycle from the egg to the adult insect

67. whose players are so attuned to light and dark ... 
　They are so sensitive to light and dark, etc.; they are so aware of the difference between light and
　dark, etc.
　be attunsd to: be sensitive to. e.g.
　Her ears were sharply attuned to anything coming from the bedroom.

68. their existence depends upon the slightest change 
　The slightest change in light, temperature, time, etc. could have killed them if they were not so aware of it. That is what their "miraculous sensitivity" means.
　depend on: be influenced or decided by .
　His decision will depend on how soon he meets the committee.
　The plan depends on the weather.
　In a subjective test, the student's score may depend on the examiner's feelings.

69. paragraphs 9 and 1O 
　In these two paragraphs the author is possibly delivering a message of the vitality of the insect world. Any particular insect may die in winter, but life is not easily killed, no matter how harsh the natural surroundings. For one thing, the musicians have adapted themselves to the environment so well through long years of evolution that their elimination is visually impossible. For another, their eggs are laid, which may be more significant than the insects themselves. And that is an irresistible law of nature, quite independent of any insect's individual intention. Since in August the insects are most vigorous, their singing is at its loudest, and their eggs are laid, August has the particular significance of being a time of reproduction, a month of positive development. Even though August may pass, particular musicians may die, their influences will not die out. Their life cycle will continue, and is as perpetual as the cycle of the seasons. 

 I. Comprehension
  
A. Answer the following questions.
l. Why does Hay say that August is singing loud ?
2. In the first paragraph, Hay mentions "a multitude of separate actions". Name some of these actions.
3. Taken together, what does Hay think of the sounding of an August night ?
4. What does Hay discover when he concentrates on one bush ?
5. Why are the crickets called temperature crickets ?
6. What is the writer's message beneath his description of the little musicians ?

B. Discuss the following questions on the language of the text.
l. What figure of speech is being used in "Many Augusts , singing loud, have passed me by..."?
2. If we change "when the earth is relieved of a fire taken to the stars (para. l)" to "when the sun sets", what effect will be lost?
3. Why does Hay compare the sounds to telegraph wires and the rippling folds of a taut chute ?
4. How effective is the metaphor "his semblance of the globe in its vast oceans" in describing the spider and its web ?
5. Will the effect if we should change "I duck at the leathery, fluttering sound ( para. 4)" to "I duck at the flying bat"?
6. Explain the meaning of "The flashlight seems to have no effect on him (para. 7)".
7. In this essay, what words might be regarded as "onomatopoeic"?
8. Find some musical terms used in the essay and discuss their effects in relation to the title.
9. Find from the text both the adjectives and verbs that are used to describe all kinds of sounds.

II. Vocabulary
  
A. Fill in the blanks with some of the new words and expressions learned in this lesson.
l. There is not  truth in his words.
2. I can't make out what is the  of his article. This article is full of flowery language, but lacks  .
3.  people had already gathered in front of the building when the guests arrived.
4. The numerous sounds of a summer night form a  of themselves.
5. Her writing style is  of the critical realism of the 19th century.
6. After each eruption, the volcano will remain  for several years.
7. When Mrs Okino came into power, a number of former officials were  their posts.
8. The conductor's ears are so  the sounds of different instruments that he could discern the slightest variation.

B. Rewrite the following by using the given words and expressions.
melodious throb shrill by day
show up erratic slow down duck at
1. The prizefighter lowered his head to avoid the coming blow from his opponent. 
2. From the open window came the sweet notes of a nightingale. 
3. The man waved excitedly, trying to catch the actress's eye. 
4. The athlete felt his heart beating with excitement when the whistle blew. 
5. Things always seem much brighter in the daytime. 
6. The car had to reduce its speed in a U-turn. 
7. Small living creatures, which were formerly invisible to me, suddenly revealed themselves before my eyes. 
8. Liza screamed when she saw the rat in her bed. 

C. Translate the following into English, using the words or phrases given below.
Perpetuate send up have effect on
at intervals die down camouflage
in any case speed up in detail
in response to   
1．随着夜晚的降临，车辆的喧嚣声终于停歇。 
2．人们为烈士们建立了一座铜碑，以志永久纪念。 
3．他在会上详细地介绍了他的访美见闻。 
4．喜剧演员的精采表演引起观众们的一阵阵笑声。 
5．这些树木种植时必须保持2米的间距。 
6．这种药物据说对治疗肺癌有些效果。 
7．代表团团长作了热情洋溢的讲话，答谢当地人民对他的友好欢迎。 
8．新经济政策加速了工农业生产的发展。 
9．在夜色掩护下，小动物在树林里四处觅食。 
10．不管怎样，听说能力的培养将会继续得到重视。 

D. Word formation
1. Explain the meaning of the following compound adjectives.
  Model: low-treed: having low trees
sweet-tongued  strong-limbed 
dark-skinned  bright-coloured 
low-spirited  thick-headed
high-pitched  high-heeled 
swift-footed  quick-minded 
2. Adjectives can be formed by adding -y to nouns. For example, we have in this essay, wax-waxy, snow-snowy, shrub-shrubby.
　　　　Supply ten more examples.

E. Vocabulary revision.
Fill in the blanks with words and expressions given.
refrain from favour split up
associate...with lapse into
1. There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to  snails  food.
2. I wish he would  scattering his ash all over the carpet.
3. John speaks properly in school, but in the company of friends he will  slang.
4. A system which protected and  such abuses was bad from top to bottom.
5. The native people of the Americas  into a great number of tribes who spoke different languages.

III．Word Study
  
A. Translate the following by using the words in WORD STUDY.
1．在这个大厅里，声音传送得很好。
　 
2．冲锋号响了。
　 
3．"星期天去划船吗?""那听起来是个好主意"
　 
4．最新的研究结果汇集在这本新书里。
　 
5．这个雕塑体现了艺术家对动物的热爱．
　 
6．这个宣言是民主理想的体现物。
　 
7．大夫给她的那种药片能暂时解除她的痛苦。
　 
8．我收到她的信，总算放心了。
　 
9．联合国给难民提供救济。
　 
10．这个城市没有一个好的图书馆。
　 
11．书后缺一个索引。
　 
12．由于我们配合不好，我们输了这场比赛。　 

B． Word study revision
Explain the italicized parts in the following sentences.

1. They had had an argument but still managed to keep up appearances in front of their friends. 
2. Do you do maintenance at this garage ? 
3. The executive committee's choice of location requires confirmation by a majority of club members. 
4. The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. 
5. The shooting was not accidental, but a deliberate attempt to kill him! 
 
IV. Grammar (reported speech)
  
A. Put the following into reported speech, using the most suitable reporting verb (in the past tense) for each sentence.
1. "I wish I had something to eat," said John.
"You've only just had lunch," said his mother.
"I don't know how you can be hungry again so soon."
 
2. "I must go," said John. "Or I'll be late." 
3. Let's go swimming this afternoon. 
4. I'd better wait. 
5. How much do you think it will cost? 
6. I'm sorry for not notifying you beforehand. We were in a great hurry. 
7. If I were you, I should let her know. 
8. Could I see the manager now ? 
9. What about taking a walk ? 
10. "Shall we be in time?" muttered John, looking at his watch. 
11. "Shall we set out right now?" 
12. Do go to a dentist, John, before your toothache gets any worse. 
13. Please, please don't kill my dog! 
14. Shall I clo3e the door? 
15. "Please don't look out of the window," the teacher said. 
16. John is an expert in grammar, why don't you ask him? 
17. Yon must never do that again. 
18. Do as you wish, but don't come and ask me for help if you get into difficulties. 
19. "I shall always love you," he said to the girl. 
20. If I were you, I would not do that. 

B. Put the following into direct speech.
1. He asked her how to get to the post office.
 
2. He said that it must be pretty late, and he really must go .
 
3. He wanted to know if Mary had recovered.
 
4. He suggested that John and Mary should go there the following day.
 
5. He offered me some coffee and I accepted.
 
6. The teacher told the students to stop talking.
 
7. John suggested giving her a bottle of wine.
 
8. John hoped that I would not be offended if he told me that, in his opinion, I would do better in some other kind of job.
 
9. He wanted to know if I was going to the cinema, and suggested that we should go together.
 
10. He asked me to lend him five dollars, I agreed to do, somewhat reluctantly, on condition that he paid me back the following week.

C. Rewrite the passage in reported speech.
　　"Have you been there long ?" inquired the newcomer of another person in the hotel lounge.
　　"No, just over a week; that's all."
　　"You don't know the place very well, then ?"
　　"I'm a stranger in these parts! But of course even a stranger learns a few things in a week."
　　"Would you mind telling me if anybody's been here called Panlark ?"
　　"Panlark ?" said the middle-aged man. "It's odd you should mention that name. I remember the man well: a big tall fellow, a dark moustache. He went off this morning."
　　"Do yon know where he went ?" asked the newcomer.
　　"Well, he said he was going to London!"

D. Rewrite the passage in direct speech.
  The man sitting opposite David asked him what time the train arrived at Barning Junction. David answered cheerfully that it arrived at three-fifteen if they were lucky, though the time-table said it was due in at three -o'clock. The man asked David if he was sore of this: it seemed to him a very long time for such a short distance. Agreeing, David explained that the train stopped at every station. He knew this, as he had to make that journey once a week. The train suddenly stopped with a jerk. The man expressed concern at this, and wondered what was happening. He felt that at that rate they wouldn't get to Barning before midnight. David told him not to worry, explaining with matter-of-fact calm that either a cow had wandered on to the line, or the guard had seen someone running down the hill to catch the train.
 
 V. Writing
  
A. This essay approaches poetry in its use of figurative language. Comment on this statement in about 400 words.

B. Try this kind of essay yourself. Concentrate on the sounds (pleasant or unpleasant) around you and write an essay to describe them.
 
 VI. Topics for Oral Work
  
A. Have you ever noticed the sounds around you? If not, take a walk early in the morning and listen. Swop your findings with your classmates.

B. Discuss why John Hay calls the small insects musicians.
　 Do you know any other insects that are musical ?

 VII. Comprehensive Exercises
  
A. Learn to design a sentence transformation exercise.
a. Split the complex sentence into two or more simple sentences after the model.
　　Model: We must listen more and speak more so that we'll be able to learn English better.
　　　　　　We must listen more and speak more.
　　　　　　In this way we'll be able to learn English better.
l. I didn't know it until he told me yesterday. 
2. John answered all the questions correctly because he studied very hard. 
3. They went on working although it was raining heavily. 
4. I shall not do it unless you give me permission. 
5. Your composition is excellent except that there are some spelling mistakes. 

b. Supply 5 more examples of your own with the proper instruction for your exercise.

B. Fill in each blank with ONE word only:
At the approach of spring the red squirrels got under my house, two at a time, directly under my feet as I sat reading or writing. They were making the queerest sort of calls  and forth I have  heard, and when I  my foot on the floor, they only called  , as if they were  all fear and respect in their mad actions.  comes the first sparrow of spring! The year is beginning  younger hope than ever! The faint silvery notes are heard over the fields  the bluebird, the song sparrow.  the red-wing blackbird, as if the last bits of winter gave  sounds of music as they fell.
The brook sings songs  the spring. The singing sound of melting snow  heard in all the small valleys, and the ice rapidly grows  on the pond. The grass sends  green flames on the hillsides  a spring fire.

C.Do the puzzles.
a. Find as many new words from this text as you can from the chart below.
　　h a t s e n s i t i v i t y a
　　e l t h o r n a t r f i e l d
　　r e s i n o u s m i l e c m d
　　a a e p i t c h e d u b h a m.
　　s f a u t h r o b a t t u n e
　　p r c l i c k w m y t h t u w
　　a a h s h r e d i m e r e a a
　　n g o e l e a t h e r y m l x
　　t i r i p p l e a l r e p d y
　　e l u m i n o u s o a m o t h
　　n e s t r a n d c d t b o w l
　　n s p e c k l e r i i o r i d
　　a l o r g a n d a o c d o g b
　　b o t h s w o o p a c y c l e
　　e w h o r l i n e s t r i n g

b. Certain things always go together. Complete the following pairs.
1. hammer and 
2. horse and 
3. trial and 
4. happy go 
5. pepper and 
6. needle and 
7. pen and 
8. good and 
9. soap and 
10. down and 

II. Vocabulary

A.
1. a shred of
2. substance (basic idea, essence), substance (real content meaning)
3. A multitude of
4. symphony
5. reminiscent
6. dormant
7. relieved from/of
8. attuned to

B.
1. The prize fighter ducked at the coming. . .
2. . . .came the melodious notes. . .
3. . . .waved frantically ...
"In an erratic way" would not mean "excitedly."
4.. . . his heart throbbing ...
5.. . . brighter by day.
6.. . . to slow down in a ...
7.. . . ,suddenly showed themselves up.
8. Liza shrilled when ...

C.
1. The roaring traffic at last died down with the coming of the night./As night fell, the traffic noise died down at last.
2. To perpetuate the memory of the martyrs, people have erected/built a bronze monument./A bronze monument was set/put up to perpetuate. . .
Statues and sculptures are usually made of bronze, and not of brass, which is usually, used for making ornaments and musical instruments.
3. At the meeting he talked/spoke in detail about what he had witnessed/seen and heard during his visit to the U.S.
4. The excellent performance of the comedian sent up peals/bursts/gales of laughter from the audience.
5. The trees are to be planted at intervals of two metres.
6. This medicine is supposed/said to have some effect on lung cancer.
7. The leader/chairman/head of the delegation made a warm speech/gave a passionate speech in response to the friendly welcome, given to him by the local people/to the hospitable welcome from the local people.
8. The new economic policies have speeded up production in industry and agriculture.
9. Camouflaged by the night/Under the camouflage of the night, small animals move about in the woods looking/searching for food.
10. In any case, the development of listening and speaking abilities/skills will continue to be stressed/will receive continuous attention.

D.
1.
sweet-tongued: always saying nice, flattering words
strong-limbed: having strong limbs
thick-headed: stupid
high-pitched: shrill
high-heeled: (of leather shoes) having high heels
swift-footed: able to walk fast or run swiftly
quick-minded: clever; discerning

E.
1. associate... with
2. refrain from
3. lapse into
4. favoured
5. split up

III. Word Study

A.
1. Sounds carry well in this hall.
2. The trumpet sounds for the battle/attack./The bugle sounded the charge.
3. "Shall we go sailing/boating on Sunday ?" "That sounds (like) a good idea."
4. The latest findings/achievements in research were embodied in the new book.
5, The sculpture embodied the artist's love of/for animals.
6. The declaration/manifesto was the embodiment of democratic ideals.
7. The medicine/tablets which the doctor gave her can relieve her temporarily from pain/relieve her pain temporarily/provide temporary relief of her pain.
8. I was greatly relieved to get her letter/when I heard from her.
9. The United Nations provides relief for refugees.
10. The city lacks/is lacking in a good library.
11. An index is lacking at the end. /The book lacks an index at the back.
12. We lost the game for lack of teamwork/close coordination.

B.
1. exclusive
2. applicable
3. obligatory
4. deliberate
5. exceptional (outstandingly clever)

IV. Grammar (number and concord)

A.
1. John wished he had something to eat. His mother wondered how he could have been hungry again so soon, since he had only just had lunch.
2. John said that if he did not go he would be late.
3. John suggested that we go swimming that afternoon.
4. John thought he had better wait.
5. John asked me how much I thought it would cost.
6. John apologized to me for having failed to notify me beforehand, explaining that they had been in too great a hurry.
7. John told me that he would have let her know if in my position.
8. John asked to see the manager right away.
9. John suggested taking a walk.
10. Looking at his watch, John asked in a low voice if we would be in time.
11. John suggested we set out right away.
12. Mother urged John to go to a dentist before his toothache got any worse.
13. The farmer begged the soldier not to kill his dog.
14. John asked if he should close the door./John offered to close the door.
15. The teacher told the students not to look out of the window.
16. Mary advised me to consult John, since he was an expert in grammar.
17. John warned me against ever doing that again.
18. John said he would let me do as I wished, but told me that I was not to go and ask him for help if I got into difficulties.
19. He promised the girl that he would always love her.
20. John said if he had been me he would not have done that.

B.
1. Could you tell me how to get to the post office?
2. It must be pretty late. I really must go.
3. Has Mary recovered?/I wonder if Mary has recovered.
4. Shouldn't John and Mary go there tomorrow?
5. "Would you like some coffee?" "Yes, please."
6. Stop talking please.
7. Shall I give you a bottle of wine?
8. I hope you will not be offended if I tell you that, in my opinion, you will/would do better in some other kind of job.
9. Are you going to the cinema? Why shouldn't we go together?/If so, shall we go together?
10. "Could you lend me five dollars?"
"I can if you promise to pay me back next week."

VII. Comprehensive Exercises

A.
a.
1. He told me about it yesterday.
I knew it only after that.
2. John studied very hard.
Therefore he answered all the questions correctly.
3. It was raining heavily.
In spite of that, they went on working.
4. You haven't given me permission.
Therefore I shall not do it.
5. There are some spelling mistakes in your composition.
Apart from that, it is excellent.

B.
back, ever, stamped, louder, beyond, Then,
with, from, and, off, to, is, thinner, up, like

C.
a.
Horizontally:
Line

1. sensitivity 2. horn, field
3. resinous 4. pitched
5. throb, bat, attune 6. myth
7. shred 8. leathery
9. ripple 10. luminous
11. strand 12. speckle
13. organ 14. swoop, cycle
15. whorl, string  

Vertically (from left to right):
Column

1. rasp, antenna 2. fragile
3. chorus 4. pulse
10. rid, melodious 11. flutter
12. embody 13. Chute tempo
14. manual, twig 15. waxy

b.
1. hammer and nails
　　hammer and tongs
　　meaning: quarrel, fight, or argue loudly and energetically,e.g.
　　As soon as I walked in my wife started going at me hammer and tongs (she began to scold me in a loud voice).
　　I didn't get any sleep last night because the couple in the next flat were going at it hammer and tongs all night (they were quarrelling or fighting violently with each other).
　　The expression originally refers to the tools used by a blacksmith and the loud noise they make.

　　hammer and sickle
　　a design on the national flag of former U.S.S.R., symbolizing worker and peasant

2. horse and cart
　　e.g. I'll go with horse and cart

　　horse and foot
　　cavalry and infantry; the whole army; with all one's might

3. trial and error
　　a method of doing something by trying again and again and learning from failures, e.g.
　　We were given no instructions how to do the work, so we had to learn how to do it by trial and error.

4. happy-go-lucky
　　easy-going; taking things cheerfully as they come, and not worrying about the future
5. pepper and salt
6. needle and thread/cotton
7. pen and ink
　　pen and paper
　　pen and pencil
8. good and evil
　　good and bad
9. soap and towel
　　soap and water
10. down and out