English Book 5课文讲解和练习答案L13

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I. The words & expressions you should be able to use:

contain sneeze intently
retreat clutch rebuke
stoop whip appreciatively
strident plaintive hiccup
abandonment unmoved motionless
watchful curl impassioned
hobble gash scoop
skirt guttural impassively
summon virtuous herald
hospitality sceptical

II. The words you need to know their meanings in Chinese only:

eddy chaff
stern ingratiatingly
nightmarish grimace
stun fling
crestfallen toss
chunk hindquarters
paroxysm pant
ladle mirth
chew bull-terrier
rebound clearing
fret note
derision crone
cattail moss
birch bark
yowl resignedly
treeline tribal
mortal succour

III. The sentences you can paraphrase:

The old dog could contain himself no longer and picked his way carefully down the hillside, for his shoulder still hurt him.

Halfway down he sneezed violently in an eddy of chaff.

The old dog was rather offended and uncertain for a moment, but he made hopefully for the nearest boy, who retreated, nervously clutching his stone.

But again the woman rebuked her son, and at the sharpness of her tone the old dog stopped, crestfallen.

He skirted the camp, moving like a shadow through the trees on the hill behind, until he came out upon the lake's shore a quarter of a mile upwind of the camp. Then he barked sharply and imperatively several times.

The Indians watched impassively and silently and made no move to stop him.. Only the woman who had first befriended him called out softly, in the tongue of her people, a farewell to the traveller.

IV. The paragraphs you can translate into Chinese:

The old dog could contain himself no longer and picked his way carefully down the hillside, for his shoulder still hurt him. Halfway down he sneezed violently in an eddy of chaff. One of the boys by the fire looked up at the sound, his hand closing on a stone, but the woman nearby spoke sharply, and he waited, watching intently.

The dog halted at the treeline beside the cat and looked back, but the commanding, summoning bark was heard again, and together the two passed out of sight and into the blackness of the night.

That night they became immortal, had they known or cared, for the ancient woman had recognized the old dog at once by his colour and companions: he was the White Dog of the Ojibways, the virtuous White Dog of Omen, whose appearance heralds either disaster or good fortune. The Spirits had sent him, hungry and wounded, to test tribal hospitality; and for benevolent proof to the sceptical they had chosen a cat as his companion-for what mortal dog would suffer a cat to rob him of his meat? He had been made welcome, fed and succoured, the omen would prove fortunate.

V. The grammatical items you should learn to apply:

Number and concord

contain

contain v.
l. to keep or have inside
This package contains 500 sheets of notepaper.
2. to keep within bounds or restrain
He was so angry that he couldn't contain himself.
Try to contain the enemy attack until reinforcements arrive.

container n.
1. something made to contain things
You can buy special containers for storing food in a freezer.
2. a very large sealed metal box for carrying freight or goods on a lorry, ship, etc.
The ship carried a hundred containers.

content n.
1. the things contained in something
The police were interested in the contents of the murdered woman's bag.
2. the main idea, facts, etc.
The content of the book is very good but I don't like the pictures.

hurt

hurt v.
l. to injure
He was slightly hurt in a traffic accident.
2. to upset or cause mental or emotional pain I was hurt at his words.
I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.
3. to be painful or to cause pain to
Does your arm still hurt?
The dentist's drill hurt him but did not injure him.
4. to do harm to or to have a bad effect on Losing the game has hurt our chances of winning the championship this year.
It won't hurt if we don't go after all.

hurt n.
a physical or emotional injury
No one suffered any hurt in the accident.
Her rejection was a severe hurt to his pride.

appear

appear v.
l. to become able to be seen to come into view
She appeared before us out of nowhere.
We waited a long while before the bus finally appeared.
2. to look or seem as if
He appeared to be wrapped in his own thoughts.
They appeared amused by the story.
It appeared that he had a taste for music.

appearance n.
l. what can be seen
He had the rugged appearance of an athlete.
The despot assumed the appearance of a benefactor.
2. the act of coming into view or coming into a place
The two thieves ran off at the sudden appearance of two policemen.
He is making his first appearance at the local theatre.

keep up appearances:
to behave in such a way as to hide the truth (especially bad or unpleasant) from other people
Sometimes, to keep up appearances, you have to spend sixty centimes on a drink, and go correspondingly short of food .

suffer

suffer v.
l. to endure or bear pain, misery to undergo or experience something painful
He suffered one defeat after another, but he did not lose heart.
She suffered from constant headache.
2. to sustain injury, disadvantage, or loss from
Gorki suffered from his translators into English.
3. to tolerate or bear
I cannot suffer hypocrites.
She suffered the children to turn the house upside down.

suffering n.
pain or misery
The medicine relieved the patient's suffering.
She caused him great mental suffering by leaving him.

1. the old dog could contain himself no longer
　Bodger could no longer restrain himself from going to the Indian camp below because of his hunger. By this time, the three animals were standing on a hill. They had caught the scent carried by the evening breeze, which was a fragrant compound of roasting rice, wild-duck stew, and wood smoke. Now tantalized and hungry, they saw several fires in the clearing below, which lit up a semicircle of Indian tents and birch-bark shelters. A group of Ojibways (=Ojibwa) Indians was gathered around the centers of warmth and brightness.

2. picked his way
　walked carefully, looking at the ground to see where to put his feet,. The reason for his walking in this manner is explained by the for- clause.

3. sneezed violently in an eddy of chaff
　Chaff whirled around by wind went into his nose and caused him to sneeze violently.
　Chaff is the outer parts of grain that are removed by heating before the grain can be eaten. The Indian camp was situated hear a wild rice marsh. The Indians had roasted grains of rice in shallow pans over a fire. A woman was now pouring grains from one bark platter (flat dish) to another, and the loose chaff drifted off on the slight wind like smoke.

4. at the sound
　on hearing the sound
　"At" expresses the occasion or cause that leads to something taking place:
　She fainted at the sight of blood.
　He was startled at my words.
　At the sharpness of her tone the old dog stopped.

5. his hand closing on a stone
　He laid his hand on a stone and slowly got hold of it.

6. spoke sharply
　spoke severely. The mother was stopping her son taking that inhospitable action.

7. and he waited
　At the woman's rebuke, the boy did not throw the stone.

8. out of the shadows
　out of the darkness. Except for the ring of space lit up by the fire, all the surrounding area was a dark background of trees, as it was night.

9. stern
　hindquarters; back part of the body

10. ingratiatingly
　trying to make the Indians like him; in a friendly and affectionate way (for the purpose of gaining food)
　ingratiate oneself with sb: (an unfavorable phrase) try to curry favor with sb; to fawn on sb, e.g.
　Everyone in the office resented her tricks for ingratiating herself with the boss.

11. ears and lips ... grimace
　In addition to wagging his tail, the dog was trying to smile to show that he was not aggressive, so that he might win favor with the Indians. The grimace refers to his forced smile, which pulled back his ears and lips.

12. a stunned silence
　(transferred epithet) a silence caused by the Indians being amazed at the dog's manner of approach
　We may say, for example, "I sat in stunned silence" or "a watchful/surprised silence."

13. the smaller boy
　There were two boys who were the only children there, the older being the one whose hand closed on a stone.

14. Excited chatter
　transferred epithet (It was the Indians who became excited.)

15. offended and uncertain
　The old dog was offended by the wail of terror from the smaller boy, not by the chatter. He was trying hard to be friendly, but the boy was afraid of him. Seeing little chance of getting food, he was uncertain whether to move on or turn buck.

16. made hopefully for the nearest boy
　moved towards the older boy in the hope of being welcomed

17. crestfallen
　disappointed. The dog could not understand human speech, but he understood the tone. He thought the woman's sharp words were directed at him and he was unwelcome.

18. look more closely
　The woman sensed something unusual about the dog.

19. words of reassurance
　comforting words; words that could relieve the dog of fear and disappointment, that assured him that everything was all right for him

20. appreciatively
　gratefully

21. an appreciative audience
　an admiring audience; an audience that recognized the value of his performance

22. sat up painfully
　because of the wound

23. paroxysms of laughter
　sudden and strong bursts of laughter (caused by the dog's strange behavior of waving one paw in the air)

24. rebounded
　bounced; sprang back. The stone was dislodged by the cat who was coming down the hillside to join the old dog.

25. into the sudden silence
　The unexpected stone confused the Indians so they suddenly grew quiet, waiting eagerly for something to appear.

26. the clearing
　the small area of bare ground where the Indians camped, surrounded by tall trees and hills

27. strident
　loud, harsh, and unpleasant to the ear

28. the Indians laughed
　Because it was unusual for a cat to take a piece of meat calmly from a dog.

29. in an abandonment of mirth
　laughing in a completely uncontrolled way mirth: amusement expressed in laughter, e.g.
　There came sounds of suppressed mirth.
　abandonment: wild and unrestrained outburst. "Abandon oneself to an emotion" is to surrender oneself to that emotion without restrain, e.g.
　After her mother died, she abandoned herself to grief.
　"With abandon" means "unrestrainedly; in a wild, uncontrolled way," e.g.
　They danced with gay abandon (= as much as they wanted, and happily).

30. unmoved
　not affected by their laughter

31. this was the kind of behavior
　"This" refers to the boys rolling and kicking their heels.

32. the bull-terrier
　A bull-terrier is a hybrid of the bull dog (a kind of fierce dog) and the terrier (a kind of hunting dog).

33. all this time
　throughout this interval

34. driving
　inclined to action; wanting to get into motion; having the force to make one go forward

35. urgent
　eager. The young dog was anxious to continue on their way

36. fretted
　became worried and annoyed

37. strained
　became tense; was no longer relaxed

38. the faint note of derision ... voices
　Some of the Indians spoke with a slight tone of ridicule and scorn in their voices. The ancient crone was serious about her discovery that the dog was exceptional, but some in the band did not believe her and laughed her.

39. bent
　hunched; hunchbacked; bowed

40. ancient
　very old

41. crone
　an old woman

42. addressed them
　talked to some of her compan- ions (trying to convince them of her recognition of the unusual dog)

43. impassioned
　emotional. The old woman felt strongly about her discovery.

44. soaked some moss in the liquid
　dipped some moss in the cattail (a kind of plant used as medicine) liquid so that it could take in as much of the liquid as possible to be applied to the dog's wounds

45. the silent watcher above
　the young dog on the hillside

46. skirted the camp
　moved around the outside of the camp

47. upon the lake's shore
　We use "on" before the word "shore," e.g.
　We could see the houses on the other shore of the lake.
　There was a guard standing on the shore.
　The three animals, according to the previous part of the story, had travelled several miles before they came to wood smoke and food. Human beings, they sensed, were somewhere not far away, and were undoubtedly cooking something. They then trotted along the hillside in the direction of the smell, until they caught sight of the camp. Therefore, the lake was not far away from the camp.

48. a quarter of a mile upwind of the camp
　The dog stood a quarter of a mile from the camp, nearer to the source of the wind (in a position where the wind passed over him first before reaching the camp), so that his bark could be carried on the wind to his two companions.

49. imperatively
　commandingly; as if ordering his companions to leave the camp

50. The effect ... on the other two
　"On the other two" is the postmodifier of "effect." The noun phrase is discontinued to maintain the balance of the sentence.
　Other examples:
　What business is it of yours?
　From the first reactions you have to your novel, what conclusion can you draw?

51. rather confusedly
　The old dog could not understand why they should leave such a warm place.

52. a guttural yowl
　a loud wailing cry from deep throat. The "k" and "g" sounds are called guttural sounds because they come from the back of one's throat.

53. Deliberately ran ahead
　The cat took the lead in order for the old dog to follow.

54. resignedly
　seeing no alternative but to obey ("wu ke nai he" in Chinese). The general meaning of the word is: submissively; giving up any resistance; calmly accepting an undesirable situation as inevitable.
　Resign oneself to sth unpleasant: accept it because you realize you can neither change it nor prevent it, e.g.
　With his money stolen, Orwell had to resign himself to living on six francs a day.
　He accepted his misfortune with resignation (without complaining).

55. made no move
　did not take any actions

56. the woman who had first befriended him
　the woman who laid down her basket in paragraph 2

57. the treeline
　the edge of the woods, where the trees ended and the clearing began. The word "treeline" is more commonly used in the expression "above the tree-line." meaning above the altitude on a mountain where trees cease to grow.

58. paragraph 10
　That night in the minds of this Indians the three animals became heavenly (divine animals - but they did not know this, nor did they care whether they were immortal or mortal - because the ancient crone had identified the dog as the Dog of Omen. According to the superstitious beliefs of the Ojibway Indians, when this dog showed up, it would foretell either disaster or good fortune. The Indians believe that their dead ancestors' spirits (They believed that after one's body had died, his spirit would live on) had chosen to make this dog hungry and wounded, and send him in order to see if their descendants were still friendly to newcomers. In order to convince those who might be incredulous of the dog's identity, the Spirits also kindhearted enough to send a cat along with the dog - if the dog were earthly, how could he have allowed a cat to take meat from him? Now the Indians were confident that they would have good luck, because they had treated the dog well.
　"Had they known or cared" is in the subjunctive mood, signifying that the fact was to the contrary.
　"Benevolent proof" is a case of transferred epithet. It was the Spirits that were benevolent.

I. Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions.

l. State two facts to show that the old dog was wounded.
2. What was the reaction of one of the boys on seeing the dog approach?
3. Why was the dog offended and uncertain for a moment ?
4. Where did the old dog love to be most?
5. What makes you think Bodger was not a handsome dog?
What qualities did he have that made up for his appearance ?
6. How did he make friends with the old woman?
7. Can you suggest three things about Tao that seemed strange to the Indians ?
8. What is derision? Why was there derision in the Indians' tones as they listened to the old woman ?
9. What was the young dog doing all this time ?
1O. Describe the scene the young dog saw.
11. Why did the young dog bark sharply several times?
12. Why was Bodger reluctant to leave the camp ?
13. The old woman thought Bodger was a supernatural creature. Why did Tao seem to prove this?
14. What is an omen? Why did she think the omen was good ?
15. Give examples of transferred epithet other than boiling pot of water from the text.

B. Choose the best answer.

l. The old dog went carefully down the hillside because(　) a. he could no longer stand the pain and hunger.
b. he was yearning for human warmness.
c. he saw a warm fire.
d. had a fight with a young bear.

2. Which statement is true ?(　) a. One of the boys threw a stone at Bodger.
b. The younger boy was very much afraid of Bodger.
c. When Bodger approached the younger boy, he stepped back.
d. Bodger slept happily on the lap of one of the children.

3. The mother of the boys stooped down to have a closer look at Bodger(　) a. because she loved dogs.
b. when she noticed it was wounded.
c. as she suspected it was the White Dog of Omen.
d. and found him very handsome.

4. "A small stone rebounded from rock to rock" suggests that(　) a. the little boy had thrown a stone at Bodger.
b. a strong gust of wind had caused a stone to roll down the hill.
c. when the two little boys were kicking their heels in an abandonment of mirth, they kicked a small stone.
d. Tao was coming down from the hillside.

5. Bodger was _ dog.(　) a. a black
b. an immortal
c. a white
d. a spotted

6. An old Indian woman(　) a. threw something at Bodger.
b. cooked some special food for Bodger.
c. washed Bodger.
d. dressed his wounds.

7. The young dog barked sharply and imperatively several times because(　) a. he was angry at his companions.
b. he was hungry.
c. he was envious of his friends.
d. he wanted to remind his friends of their task.

8. The last paragraph suggests that(　) a. Bodger was supernatural.
b. Bodger and his friends brought the Indians good luck.
c. They were believed to be the White Dog of the Ojibways and his companions.
d. the Spirits had sent Bodger to test the Indians.

II. Vocabulary

A. Fill in the blanks with words and expres3ions given.(输入完毕后按ctrl键得知对错)

Chunk resignedly strident herald
look up pant watchful guttural
peer skirt moss

1. It is hard to imagine that such a sweet little girl could have a voice like that.
2. Nothing seemed to escape the eyes of the guard.
3. By the time he reached the top, he was so hard that he could not even talk.
4. As night fell, they decided to the forest instead of going through it.
5. The watchman and at the visitor over his glasses.
6. A rolling stone gathers no .
7. He always eats a of cheese at breakfast.
8. Are there any consonants in the English language ?
9. The singing of the cuckoo the coming of spring.
1O. She shrugged her shoulders knowing it was useless to argue with him now.

B. Rewrite the following sentences with words and expressions given.

derision hobble pick one's way
gash sceptical motionless stun
mirth make for unmoved

1. The boy stood there without moving, looking at the train as it pulled out of the station until he could not see it any more.
　
2. With the aid of her stick, the old woman walked along unsteadily.
　
3. No matter how they pleaded with him, he remained indifferent.
　
4. The withered old woman walked slowly down the lane, choosing each step with care.
　
5. John went towards the door as soon as the bell rang.
　
6. It is not easy to try and convince these young boys of anything since they are inclined not to believe in people.
　
7. She was greatly shocked at the bad news.
　
8. Children dread the ridicule of playmates.
　
9. She nearly fainted when she saw blood oozing out from the long deep cut.
　
1O. He was wakened by a sudden outburst of laughter.
　
C. Translate the following into English with the words and expressions given.

1．当她看到他在踢狗时，她再也忍不住了。(contain)
　
2．就像英国的一句谚语说的，"不见不思"。(out of sight)
　
3．他百般讨好地微笑着，朝她迎了上去。(ingratiatingly)
　
4．男孩子们带了游泳裤朝那河边走去。(make for)
　
5．当她垂头丧气地出来时，大家都知道经理斥责了她。(crestfallen，rebuke)
　
6．这个通告说没有特别许可，不得越过这条界线。(beyond)
　
7．这个事件是对其它孩子敲起了警钟。(alarm bell)
　
8．他站着一动也不动，不时向我眨眼睛，这使我感到局促不安。(blink，restless)
　
9．虽然早巳过了睡觉的时候，他还不太愿意关掉电视。(reluctant)
　
10．她头向后一扬，朝他做了一个鬼脸。(toss，grimace)
　
D. Word formation
　　a. Form nouns by adding -ity to the following and read them aloud.
　　eg: hospitable -- hospitality

1. barbarous    6. humid
2. extreme    7. diverse
3. mature    8. divine
4. available    9. brief
5. crude    10. Christian

　b. Form adjectives by adding -ous, -eous, or -uous to the following.
　eg: virtue-virtuous

1. danger    6. mischief
2. poison    7. contempt
3. riot    8. impetus
4. courtesy    9. disaster
5. error    10. monster

E. Vocabulary revision.
　　Rewrite the following sentences by using the words and phrases given.

range by and large as it were
drain of bludgeon into 　

1. The dreadful experience caused him to lose all feeling.
　
2. She forced me to do something which I didn't want to.
　
3. The computer can be applied to a great number of things.
　
4. The numerals became, metaphorically speaking his friends and he knew all their relations and acquaintances.
　
5. Sometimes my job is boring, but generally speaking I quite enjoy it.

III．Word Study

A．Translate the fo11owing by using the words in WORD STUDY．

1．因为那些笑话非常有趣，我们很难控制住不笑。
　
2．我正在读的那本书有许多名作家写的故事。
　
3．她把盒子打开，把里面的东西取出来。
　
4．她由于没有邀请她的朋友参加聚会，伤害了她朋友的感情。
　
5．在拣起东西时，我的手腕感到疼痛。
　
6．他的名声受到谎言的中伤。
　
7．社论的译文刊载在《北京周报》十月四日的那一期上。
　
8．他看起来好像懂得很多，其实并没有那么多。
　
9．不要从表面现象来判断，因为表面现象可能靠不住的。
　
10．贸易由于战争受到了损失。
　
11．他知道他不应让私心战胜责任感。
　
12．从那些饥饿、贫穷的孩子们的脸上，你可以看出他们的痛苦。
　
B． Word study revision

Fill in the blanks with the words given．

deliberate exceptional exclusive
applicable obligatory 　　

1. Newspapers and magazines offered the family of quintuplets huge sums for rights to publish their stories and photographs.
2. The formula for kinetic energy is to any object that is moving.
3. Is attendance at the meeting or optional?
4. A methodical man plans his work in a manner.
5. All her children are clever, but the youngest boy is really .

IV. Grammar (number and concord)

A. Fill in the blanks with proper forms of the verbs and pronouns:

1. The Chinese (be)a great people.
2. A book and a pen (be) what I want.
3. A knife and fork (be) put in front of him.
4. Ten years (seem) to be a very short time in history.
5. Either you or I (be) wrong.
6. Forty percent of the water (be) gone.
7. The rest of the students (be) in the classroom.
8. The audience (be) raising (his hand, their hands).
9. The audience (consist) of 500 people.
10. The crowd (be) dispersed by the policemen.
11. This kind of books (be) interesting.
12. These kind of books (be) interesting.
13. Five plus five (be) ten.
14. John is one of the students who (have read) this book.
15. John is the only one of the students who (have read) this book.
16. Not only the teacher but also the students (be) complaining about the textbook.
17. The teacher as well as the students (be) complaining about the textbook.
18. Each of them (be) given an opportunity to try.

B. Do the following multiple-choice exercises.

1. Everybody is ready now,(　）? a. isn't he
b. isn't she
c. aren't
d. aren't they

2. They (　）. a. turned traitor
b. turned traitors
c. became traitor
d. became these traitors

3. Potatoes (　）. a. is a vegetable
b. are a vegetable
c. are vegetables
d. is a kind of vegetable

4. There (　） my son and daughter to take care of. a. is
b. are
c. will be
d. were

5. (　） flourish best in this region ? a. What kind of a pear tree
b. What kind of pear tree
c. What kind of pear trees
d. What kinds of pear tree

6. Loads of money (　） going to waste.

a. is
b. are
c. will be
d. can be

7. His wife and secretary (　） not agree with him. a. do
b. does
c. can
d. must

8. Good and bad butter (　） quite different to our taste. a. is something
b. are something
c. are things
d. is a food

9. Whisky and soda (　） always my favourite drink. a. is
b. are
c. was
d. were

10. None of us (　） with John. a. agrees
b. agree
c. shall agree
d. will agree

C. Choose an acceptable verb, giving two answers if necessary.

1. What I want (is, are) two books.
2. The committee (has, have) broken all (its, their) promises.
3. Two and two (makes, make) four.
4. None but the brave (deserves, deserve) the fair.
5. Forty per cent of the miners (has, have) died in the accident.
6. The white and blue rose (is, are) withering in the cold.
7. Five hundred dollars (is, are) more than I can afford.
8. More than one student (is, are) in the classroom.
9. Neither you nor John (is, are) a teacher.
10. Everyone of us (has, have) his own problem.
11. What I say and think (is, are) no business of yours.
12. Weeping and wailing (is, are) of no use at all.
13. Knowing one thing and actually doing it (is, are) very different.
14. John, together with Mary, (is, are) doing some research about it.
15. John, more than anyone else, (is, are) anxious to see Mary.
16. Each man and each woman (is, are) asked to help.
17 Every man and every woman (is, are) invited to the party.
18. His whereabouts (is, are) still unknown.
19. The United Nations (consists, consist) of united nations.
20. None of them (knows, know) the answer.

V. Writing

A. Use about 200 words to describe how the old dog and the cat got to the Indian camp and were treated kindly there.

B. Write a short composition on a topic of your own choice, using as many as possible of the following words and expressions:

make for in the direction of in contact with close on
out of sight pick one's way contain hurt
appear suffer herald reluctant
crestfallen restless hobble stun
blink motionless watchful strident

C. Observe a cat, or a dog, or any other animal and write a short composition describing its life or movement

VI. Topics for Oral Work

A. Imagine you are the old Indian woman and retell the story.

B. Imagine you are the young dog and tell your experiences and feelings that night.

VII. Comprehensive Exercises

A. Read the following paragraph and compose a cloze test of particles with 15 blanks.

　Why would anyone want to set aside a day to honor a lowly little groundhog? The answer to that question is not certain, but a group of people get together every February 2 in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to watch Punxsutawney "Pete" leave his burrow. What "Pete" does next, many believe, will indicate whether spring is just around the corner or a long way off. You see, in Pennsylvania on this date there is usually a great deal of snow on the ground, and the little animal has been hibernating during the long, cold winter. He gorged himself during the autumn months and then went into his burrow for a long sleep, his body fat helping keep him alive. But as he emerges on February 2, he looks very thin. If the sun is shining brightly and he sees his shadow, according to legend, it scares him back into his home where he will stay another six weeks. Should it be cloudy and gray, the little animal will supposedly wander around for food- a sure sign that spring is near. While many believe in the groundhog's predictions, it is unwise to accept them as factual.

B. Do the cloze test.

I went to Scapli first in 1948. There were no local planes in days, so I made the by bus. The journey was a thousand kilometers, and it the bus twenty hours. Throughout this time I beside a man about my age, 24. He told me that his name was Castleton, John Castleton, but he told me hardly else. I have never met anybody with so little to . I shall forget that silent, unpleasant trip.
The time I went to Scapli was in 1976, by this time. The new town was officially opened by the President, after twenty-eight years of construction work. In the plane I had a long and interesting with a man who turned to be chief engineer of the new town. When the plane landed, we hands and exchanged names. His was John Castleton, a I was sure I had heard.

C.How good a sleuth are you ? There are twenty words related to the text hidden in the camp below. They are arranged either horizontally, diagonally or vertically.
　Try to find at least 12 to 15 of them.
　Example : CAMP
　　　　　H C T U L C H U A S E N
　　　　　G U R L I S L I C U N K
　　　　　E R Y E S R S E C C E R
　　　　　A L N O S E P O N C X E
　　　　　B E M I R T H K T O U E
　　　　　D J O W I R F E H U N P
　　　　　E L U C N E Q A E R O I
　　　　　V I A O D A C V L O T H
　　　　　O L C D X T B P T L E W
　　　　　M A Y X L D I S M Z E R
　　　　　N R E T S E G Z T A O N
　　　　　U T E R F F A H C A C I

D. Do the exercises about animals.
1. In the passage you read the sentence, "Then he barked sharply and imperatively several times", you know a dog barks. What does a cat do ? It purrs. But what about the following animals ? 1. lion 2. lamb 3. frog 4. horse 5. pig
6. mouse 7. bull 8. donkey 9. elephant 10. wolf

2. What sound does an ordinary cat make? It miaows, you'll probably say. You're quite right, but a Siamese cat like Tao gives an unearthly yowl, very different from the miaow of an ordinary cat. Now what words are used to imitate the sounds of these animals?
1. cow 2. dog 3. duck 4. hen 5. sheep

3. Give the female terms of the following aninlals

1. dog 2. deer 3. pig 4. horse 5. tiger

4. Give the male terms of the following animals.

1. duck 2. chicken 3. cow 4. goose 5. ewe

5. We say "a group of people", "a bunch of flowers" and "a cluster of grapes", but do you know what to say with fish, chicks, etc.? Try and pair the following.

1. a pack of a. birds
2. a swarm of b. grasshoppers
3. a school of c. chicks
4. a horde of d. sheep
5. a flight of e. whales
6. a brood of f. bees
7. a flock of g. fish
8. a fold of h. wolves .

I. Comprehension

B.
1. a 2.b 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. d 7. d 8. c

II. Vocabulary

A.
1. strident
2. watchful
3. panting
4. skirt
5. looked up, peered
6. moss
The proverb means that if a person moves frequently from place to place, from job to job, he will not accumulate wealth, friends, or social ties, just as moss will not grow on a stone that never stays long in one place.
7. chunk
8. guttural
9. heralds
10. resignedly

B.
1.. . .there motionless,. . .until it was out of sight.
2.. . . woman hobbled along.
3.. . . remained unmoved.
4. The crone. . ., picking her way., /The crone picked her way down the lane.
5. John made for the door ...
6. ... since they are sceptical.
7. She was stunned at ...
8. . . .the derision of ...
9. . . . from the gash.
10.. . . outburst of mirth.

C.
1. When she saw him kicking the dog, she could not contain herself any longer.
2. As the old English proverb goes, "Out of sight, out of mind."
3. He went up to her, smiling ingratiatingly.
4. The boys made for the river with their bathing/swimming trunks.
5. When she came out crestfallen, they all knew the manager had rebuked her.
6. The notice says that one must not go beyond the boundary without a special permit.
7. This incident was (like) an alarm bell for the rest of the children/other children.
8. He stood motionless, blinking at me from time to time, which made me restless.
9. Although it is long past bed-time, he is reluctant to turn off the TV.
10. She tossed her head, and made a grimace at him./ Tossing her head, she gave him a grimace.

D.
a.
1. barbarity 2. extremity
3. maturity 4. availability
5. crudity 6. humidity
7. diversity 8. divinity
9. brevity 10. Christianity

b.
1. dangerous 2. poisonous
3. riotous 4. courteous
5. erroneous 6. mischievous
7. contemptuous 8. impetuous
9. disastrous 10. monstrous

E.
1. ... experience drained him of all ...
2. She bludgeoned me into doing ...
3. The computer has a whole range of applications./The computer can be applied to a wide/broad range of uses.
4. . . ., as it were,. . .
5. . . ., but by and large ...

III. Word Study

A.
1. It was hard to/We could hardly contain our laughter because the jokes were so funny.
2. The book I'm reading contains many stories by famous authors/writers.
3. She opened the container and removed/took out the contents.
4.She hurt her friend's feelings by not inviting/failing to invite her to the party.
5. My wrist hurts when/whenever I try to pick something up.
6. His reputation/name was badly hurt by false stories.
7. The editorial appeared in translation/ A translation of the editorial appeared in the October 4th issue of Beijing Review.
8. He appears to know more than he really does./He appears to know a lot, but does not know really so much.
9. Don't judge by appearances, because they can be deceptive/misleading/are not always reliable.
10. Trade suffered from the war.
11. He knew he must not suffer selfishness to triumph over/prevail over/subdue his sense of responsibility/of duty.
12. You could see the suffering on/in the faces of the poor, hungry children./From the look of those poor, hungry children, you can see their sufferings.

B.
1. exclusive
2. applicable
3. obligatory
4. deliberate
5. exceptional (outstandingly clever)

IV. Grammar (number and concord)

A.
1. are
cf. The Koreans are a hard-working people.
2. are
3. was
Two units linked by "and" may sometimes be viewed as combined into one whole, and then the singular verb is rightly used, e.g.
A cart and horse was seen in the distance.
There was a cup and saucer on the table.
4. seems
"Tea years seems" that period seems." Plural phrases of measure or quantity may be viewed as a single unit,, e.g.
Five miles was (=That distance was) as far as they went that day.
Five pounds doesn't (= That amount doesn't) buy as much as it used to.
Note that in the last example we use the pronoun "it."
5. am
6. was
The water was gone. Compare:
The town has often suffered from flooding, and this year nearly half is under water (the town is under water).
About half of the children were severely undernourished (the children were undernourished).
7. were
8. are, their hands
9. consists
cf. Lesson Eleven, Notes to the Text, 3;Exercis IV A.
10. was
11. is
"This kind of books" means the same as "this kind of
book," because we are only interested in the "type,"
and no longer concerned whether it is one book or
more than one. After "this kind of. . . " we use the
singular verb, e.g.
This kind of man/men annoys me.
But if we rephrase the sentence to express the idea of plurality, a plural verb may be used, e.g.
Books of this kind are interesting.
12. are
"These/those kind of + plural noun," though not so acceptable to some grammarians, is common in speech and followed by a plural verb, e.g.
These kind of cigarettes are tremendously expensive. "These kind of books" can be rephrased , without change in meaning, into any of the following more acceptable ways of expression: this kind of book(s)/these kinds of book(s)/books of this kind/books like this/ such books.
13. is
14. have read
The focus is on the group. Some students have read the book and John is one of them.
15. has read
The focus is on the individual. 0nly John has read the book.
16. are
17. is
18. was

B.
1. d
"They (them, their)" is often used, especially in speech to refer to "everybody," "somebody," "no-body," or other similar singular words, e.g.
If anybody calls, tell them I'm out.
Everyone thinks they're the center of the universe.
Everybody has arrived, haven't they?
This can avoid using such clumsy expressions as ". . .hasn't he or she?"

2. a/b
When "turn" means "become," the predicative noun takes zero article, e.g.
He was a medical student before he turned writer.
When the subject is plural, the predicative noun is more often singular than plural, e.g.
Both sisters turned musician(s).

3. b

4. a/b/c/d
In an informal style, it is possible to use "there is" before plural noun phrases when we regard "there" as the subject of the sentence, e.g.
There's some children at the door.

5. d
The speaker supposes there are several kinds of pear tree and is asking what they are. cf.
What kind of pear tree flourishes best ... ? (He has only one kind in mind.)

6. a /c
The verb agrees with the noun after "loads of," e.g.
Loads of big apples were on the ground.
"Go to waste" means "be wasted."

7. a/b
"His wife and secretary" can refer to the one and same person, but not necessarily. "His" can be omitted before "secretary."

8. c
"Butter" is implied after "good." cf.
Both the immature and the precocious student need individual attention (there is a "student" omitted after "immature").

9. a
"Whisky and soda" is one kind of drink which is a concoction of whisky and soda. cf.
Bread and butter (= bread spread with butter) is all that is provided with the tea.
But:
Bread and butter (=both bread and butter) are sold in the shop on the corner.

10. a/b/c/d
"None" is followed by either a singular or plural verb as sense requires. Only the singular is correct in:
The company has ordered more coal, but none of the coal has yet arrived (the coal has not yet arrived)
The plural is correct in:
None of the workers in this factory have gone on strike (All the workers do not go on strike).
In this last sentence however, the singular verb would also be correct, since "none of the workers" can be viewed as equivalent to the singular: Not one has
gone on strike. The choice may also be governed by other factors, as in:
None of them is the man I met this morning (I met one man only)
None of the members have paid their subscriptions (to avoid saying "his or her subscription").
Where the choice is free, the plural is more common.

C.
1. is (The thing I want is two books.)/are (What I want is not one book.)
When "what" can be interpreted either as "the thing that" or as "the things that," the following verb can accordingly be either singular or plural, e.g.
What he enjoys is/are geography and French.
Traditionally however, the singular verb has been favoured in such cases. Only the singular verb is possible in sentences like:
What hurts is my left leg.
What I'd like is a digital watch.

2. has, its (The promises were made by the committee
collectively.)/have, their (It is possible each member,
of the committee made their own promises.)

3. makes/make

4. deserve
This is a different case from B/10, above, because it is a quotation from the 17th century English poet John Dryden, and as such, its wording is not to be readily changed. In fact, "none but" has come to be treated as one word meaning "only", leaving "the brave" in the position of the subject which naturally requires a plural verb. Here are more examples:
None but fools are/None but a fool is interested in such things.
None but the best coffee is to my taste.
The quotation (now a proverb) means: Only brave men deserve beautiful women.
5. have (cf. A, 6)
6. is
That is a single rose which has a bit of white and a bit of blue on it. cf. The white and blue roses are....
7. is (cf. A, 4)
8. is
Although "more than one" is plural in meaning, the grammatical subject is "one student." The singular verb is therefore correct in:
No than one person was injured in the accident.
9. is
10. has
11. are (= What I say and what I think are ...
12. is
The two are inseparable. More examples:
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
We're at the beginning of a period in which real negotiation and compromise is possible (Henry Kissinger).
13. are
14. is,
15. is
16. is (= Each man and woman ...)
Linked units introduced by "each" or "every" require a singular verb, because "each" and "every" focus on the individual units separately, eg.
Each room and (each) corridor in the building has been painted in the same color.
Every man and (every) woman is required to complete two years of national service.
17. is (cf. 16)
18. is/are
19. consists
20. knows/know (cf. B, 10)

VII. Comprehensive Exercises

A.
The groundhog humorously referred to as "Pete" in the passage, is a large rodent with a heavyset body and coarse, brownish fur, found throughout most of Canada and the Northeast U.S. February 2 is observed in the U.S. and Canada as Groundhog Day, for on this date, according to popular belief, the groundhog comes out from hibernation.
If it is sunny, the groundhog will be frightened back by his shadow into his burrow for six more weeks, and that will indicate a late spring; or otherwise if it is cloudy the groundhog will not return to his burrow and that will mean an early spring.

B.
those, trip/journey, took, sat, own, anything, say, never,
second/next, plane, being, talk/conversation, out, shook,
name, before.
Note: The comma after "time" at the beginning of para-
graph 2 should be crossed out. The phrase is the subject
modified by a restrictive relative clause.

D.
1.

1. roar; growl 2. bleat
3. croak 4. neigh; whinny
5. grunt/squeal 6. squeak
7. bellow 8. bray
9. trumpet 10. howl/growl

1. moo/low 2. Bow-wow/woof
3. quack 4. cackle/cluck/chuck/chuckle
5. baa

1. bitch 2. doe
3. sow 4. mare
5. drake

1. drake 2. rooster (Am E)/cock/cockerel (young cock)
3. bull/ox (castrated bull) 4. gander
5. ram

1. a pack of wolves 2. a swarm of bees
3. a school of whales/fish 4. a horde of grasshoppers
5. a flight of birds 6. a brood of chicks
7. a flock of birds/sheep 8. a fold of sheep