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I. The words & expressions you should be able to use:
shift secrecy tangle
mumble loaf smuggle
precariousness flick clumsy
bolt panic venture
slink stray quarter
dodge belly snivel
refrain funk prostitute
outweigh complication redeem
indifferent vaguely diet
consolation
sooner or later attach to
at a stroke be reduced to
for life cut down (on)
keep up appearances run out of
rob...of by the hundred
in panic be hard up
look into come over
at the sight of at a time
feel like as it were
before long not a quarter
to some extent be liable to
go to the dogs take off
II. The words you need to know their meanings in Chinese only:
prosaically squalid
crust franc
laundress tobacconist
ostensibly margarine
rye bread
centime forearm
plop monsieur
sou Belgium
grindstone self-pity
annihilate craven
anodyne
III. The sentences you can paraphrase:
You have thought so much about poverty - it is the thing you have feared all your life, the thing you knew would happen to you sooner or later; and it is all so utterly and prosaically different.
At a sudden stroke you have been reduced to an income of six francs a day.
Sometimes, to keep up appearances, you have to spend sixty centimes on a drink, and go correspondingly short of food.
You discover the extreme precariousness of your six francs a day.
Once in the cafe you must buy something, so you spend your last fifty centimes on a glass of black coffee with a dead fly in it.
You discover boredom and mean complications and the beginnings of hunger, but you also discover the great redeeming feature of poverty, the fact that it annihilates the future.
You have talked so often of going to the dogs - and well, here are the dogs, and you have reached them, and you can stand it.
IV. The paragraphs you can translate into Chinese:
It is altogether curious, your first contact with poverty. You have thought so much about poverty - it is the thing you have feared all your life, the thing you knew would happen to you sooner or later; and it is all so utterly and prosaically different. You thought it would be quite simple; it is extraordinarily complicated. You thought it would be terrible, it is merely squalid and boring. It is the peculiar lowness of poverty that you discover first: the shifts that it puts you to, the complicated meanness, the crustwiping.
You discover, for instance, the secrecy attaching to poverty. At a sudden stroke you have been reduced to an income of six francs a day. But of course you dare not admit it - you have got to pretend that you are living quite as usual. From the start it tangles you in a net of lies, and even with the lies you can hardly manage it. You stop sending clothes to the laundry, and the laundress catches you in the street and asks you why; you mumble something, and she, thinking you are sending the clothes elsewhere, is your enemy for life. The tobacconist keeps asking why you have cut down on your smoking. There are letters you want to answer, and cannot, because stamps are too expensive. And then there are your meals - meals are the worst difficulty of all. Every day at meal-times you go out, ostensibly to a restaurant, and loaf an hour in the Luxembourg Gardens, watching the pigeons. Afterwards you smugg1e your food home in your pockets. Your food is bread and margarine, or bread and wine, and even the nature of the food is governed by lies. You have to buy rye bread instead of household bread, because the rye loaves, though dearer, are round and can be smuggled in your pockets. This wastes you a franc a day. Sometimes, to keep up appearances, you have to spend sixty centimes on a drink, and go correspondingly short of food. Your linen gets filthy, and you run out of soap and razorblades. Your hair wants cutting, and you try to cut it yours , with such fearful results that yon have to go to the barber after all, and spend the equivalent of a day's food. All day you are telling lies, and expensive lies.
These three weeks were squalid and uncomfortable, and evidently there was worse coming, for my rent would be due before long. Nevertheless, things were not a quarter as bad as I had expected. For, when you are approaching poverty, you make one discovery which outweighs some of the others. You discover boredom and mean complications and the beginnings of hunger, but you also discover the great redeeming feature of poverty, the fact that it annihilates the future. Within certain limits, it is actually true that the less money you have, the less you worry. When you have a hundred francs in the world you are liable to the most craven panics. When you have only three francs you are quite indifferent; for three francs 'will feed you till tomorrow, and you cannot think further than that. You are bored, but you are not afraid. You think vaguely, "I shall be starving in a day or two - shocking, isn't it 7" And then the mind wanders to other topics. A bread and margarine diet does, to some extent, provide its own anodyne.
And there is another feeling that is a great consolation in poverty. I believe everyone who has been hard up has experienced it. It is a feeling of relief, almost of pleasure, at knowing yourself at last genuinely down and out. You have talked so often of going to the dogs - and well, here are the dogs, and you have reached them, and you can stand it. It takes off a lot of anxiety.
V. The grammatical items you should learn to apply:
Non-finite verbs
complicate
complicate v.
to make difficult
Don't complicate your life by worrying too much.
My headache was complicated by eye trouble.
complicated adj.
difficult to understand, involved
The doctor says that my case is a complicated one.
The matter is rather complicated but I hope he made it clear to you.
complication n.
1. the act of complicating; a complicated situation, condition, element, or structure
The complications of the job are more than one man can handle.
Why must there always be complications ? Why can't things be simple ?
2. a development (as an illness, etc.) which makes things worse
He had a slight case of the flu, but then complications set in
reduce
reduce v.
l. to make (something) less, smaller, etc.
The pilot reduced the speed of the plane for landing.
The company reduced the labour force during a slack period.
2. to change (a person, thing, etc.) into another and usually worse state, form, condition, etc.
A succession of bad harvests had reduced the small farms to penury.
Weeks in an open boat had reduced the surviving members to skin and bones.
3. to lose weight by dieting
My mother and aunts are always trying some diet or other in order to reduce.
reduction n.
making or becoming smaller; the amount taken off in making something smaller
During the sale, the shop advertised great price reductions.
He has had a reduction in pay.
admit
admit v.
1. to let in, to let enter
This ticket admits one person to the theatre.
Have you been admitted to the club ?
2. to have or leave room for
The theatre could admit only 500 people.
3. to say that one recognizes or accepts the truth of
He admits being ignorant of it.
I admit the truth of your statement. (OR: I admit your statement to be true.)
admission n.
the act of admitting
Did you gain admission to the college of your choice ?
He stole the money by his own admission.
admissible adj.
allowable
The gun was shown to the jury as admissible evidence.
Only a few errors are admissible.
mind
mind n.
1. the part of a person which thinks; the intelligence or understanding
Only a sound body can house a sound mind.
These challenges can stimulate those students with good minds.
2. a very clever person
Da Vinci is one of the greatest minds known to history.
mind v.
1. to look after or supervise
She asked her daughter to stay at home and mind the baby.
2. to be upset by; to object to
I won't mind the heat in Greece because I won't have to move about.
Would you mind opening the window ?
3. to be careful of; to pay attention to or obey
Mind the stone step!
We mast mind that we don't hurt ourselves
Mind (you), I don't mind minding the children so long as they mind me.
1. It is altogether ... with poverty
"It" refers to "your first contact with povery." It is curious, because what actually happens is far removed from what you have imagined.
The sentence displays a special construction of apposition in which a pronoun is placed in the subject position while the noun phrase to which the pronoun refers is placed at the end for emphasis:
He's a complete idiot, that brother of yours.
It went on far too long, your game.
They're all the same, these politicians.
With non-finite forms, the pronoun "that" is sometimes used:
That's a mistake, letting him go free.
That's a shame - to leave him without any money.
2. prosaically different
boringly different. You have imagined so much about poverty, what you have thought it will be like is full of imagination; but when poverty comes to you, the reality is much less romantic.
"Prosaic" is derived from "prose," which is seen as dull and unromantic, while by contrast, poetry is looked upon as something interesting and imaginative.,
It's a shame that they make lovely music in such a prosaic (=commonplace) building.
It is officially and prosaically known as Boritaka 200 - more romantically as the Lost City.
3. squalid
dirty and repulsive, e.g.
They lived in squalid poverty.
4. boring
Life in poverty lacks variety; for example, you have the same porridge every day, or else, you have nothing to do but lie in bed all day.
5. lowness
Poverty brings you low in every aspect, e.g. in social position, wealth, health, behavior (not decent), etc.
6. shifts
(British usage) devices or ways of managing in spite of difficulties. A shift is an ingenious expedient adopted in a time of need or emergency, e.g.
Poverty has reduced him to desperate shifts.
The lazy man tried every shift to avoid doing his work.
This meaning of "shift" is old-fashioned today, but is still found in these expressions:
(1) shift for oneself (get along by taking whatever course is available):
There's only enough food for two of us, so the rest of you will have to shift for yourselves.
(2) make shift (manage or contrive to do sth):
He makes shift to pick up a scanty livelihood.
I must make shift with a small income.
7. the complicated meanness
This refers to the various ignoble activities you are engaged in, and the complicated bad things that come along with poverty, things that you don't expect but sneak up to you from behind. A lot of examples are given in paragraphs 2-6 to illustrate this point.
"meanness" has the general meaning of being ignoble, small-minded, unkind, or malicious. For example, if someone kicks you under the table, or hits you from behind, these are called mean gestures or tricks.
8. crust-wiping
(British usage) adopting a different posture or attitude; stripping off one's outward appearances and revealing one's true self
9. You discover ... the secrecy attaching to poverty
You find that the constant practice of keeping secrets is inextricably associated with life in poverty.
attach to: go with
Considerable guilt attaches to the person who breaks off such a relationship (He who does this can't help feeling guilty.)
A great deal of blame attaches to the government for their recent action. (People blame the government a lot.)
10. at a sudden stroke
by a sudden change in fortune; suddenly and with one single event. Here "a stroke" is "a blow of fate," as in
A stroke of fate turned the beggar into a rich man.
What a stroke of luck to find that money!
It is different from the idiom "at a stroke," which means "by a single strong action," as in.
He was determined to remove at a stroke those distinctions between senior and junior pupils, in the school.
11. you have been reduced to ... six francs a day
For the story how Orwell was reduced overnight to six francs a day, see the passage in Exercise VII. A,, which tells us that six francs was Orwell's daily income by giving English lessons.
12. franc
the unit of French currency worth about 3 American cents at the time Orwell writes of (Cf. the exchange rate in 1976 of about 41 francs to the US dollar)
13. it tangles you ... manage it
"It" in both sentences refers to "life on six francs a day." "A net of lies" is a metaphor. Compulsory lies are as many as if they form a kind of net from which you can by no means escape (you have to tell one lie after another), hence the verb "tangle" (trap; catch).
14. is your enemy for life
becomes your lifelong enemy
15. ostensibly
seemingly; pretendedly
16. margarine
a substitute for butter, and cheaper than butter
17. though dearer
You try not to let others know you take bread home for meals because it is a shame being unable to afford a meal in the restaurant.
18. keep up appearances
(with "appearances" invariably in the plural) maintain an outward show of being proper, decorous, well-off, etc., especially after something bad has happened.
They had had an argument but still managed to keep up appearances in front of their friends (They acted as if they had not argued).
It's difficult to keep up appearances (not to let others know the truth) for long when you lose your job and have little money.
She would rather go hungry and keep up appearances (continue to dress fashionably) than eat properly and wear last year's fashions.
19. you have to spend sixty centimes on a drink
In French culture, if you want to appear a respectable person, you would go to a cafe and have a drink in it or at a table outside under an umbrella, to be seen by others. This is the custom, and you need to do what often people are doing.
100 centimes equal a franc.
20. go correspondingly short of food
You have sixty centimes' worth less of food.
21. Your linen gets filthy, and ... soap and razorblades
"Linen," as a collective noun, refers to your (esp. white) underclothes. "Your linen gets filthy" implies your body gets dirty for want of a bath. But you do not have soap and razorblades to wash and shave yourself. Here the "soap" is not used to wash linen, which we send to the laundry or is washed with soap powder. The sentence is in parallel to the next one: Your hair wants cutting, and (= but) you...
22. the extreme precariousness
You cannot be sure that you always have the worth of six francs in your hand. Every day unexpected things may happen and rob you of your money or make you unable to change the money for the food you need.
23. mean (disasters)
small and bad; nasty; spiteful; vicious
24. spirit lamp
(also "alcohol lamp") lamp that burns alcohol
25. there is nothing for it but to throw...
the only thing you can is to throw...there is nothing for it: (informal, used to express disappointment and resignation) there is no other way (but to do sth unpleasant).
There is nothing for it now but to go straight ahead with the plan.
There was nothing for it; I had to see Peter even if it meant waiting all day.
26. Pardon, monsieur
(French) Excuse me, sir.
27. sou
A sou is a five-centime piece.
28. bolt
dash out suddenly
29. venture (somewhere)
go (somewhere) at some risk
Don't venture too near the edge of the cliff.
Today's the first time I've ventured out of doors do since my illness.
The child wouldn't venture far from his mother's door.
30. greengrocer's
a store that retails fresh fruits and vegetables
31. a Belgium piece
Franc is a monetary unit of not only France, but also Belgium, Switzerland, and Luxembourg; as well as several (mainly African) countries formerly ruled by France or Belgium
32. quarter
district or section of the city
33. once in the cafe
as soon as you are in the cafe
34. a glass of black coffee with a dead fly in it
Black coffee is coffee without milk or cream. Although it is cheaper than white coffee, drinking black coffee does not imply inferiority, for French people love black coffee. "A dead fly in coffee" is exaggeration. You are cursing your bad luck that the fly happens to be in your cup of coffee. It is symbolic of the numerous mean disasters that befall people when they are poor. The sentence does not imply that Orwell chose to buy a cup of coffee with a dead fly in it in order to save money. Coffee with a dead fly in it cannot be readily available, nor is it allowed to be sold if ever available, especially in a cafe in a respectable quarter of Paris.
35. One could multiply ... the hundred
You could tell a hundred times/lots and lots more disasters of the similar kind.
36. being hard up
(colloquial) having little or no money; being broke
He was so hard up he had to keep on wearing his uniform because he couldn't buy some ordinary clothes.
I'm a bit hard up this week. Can you lend me some money?
37. cheeses like grindstones
A grindstone is a large round stone like a wheel, used for sharpening knives and tools when it turns, hence "wheels of cheese" in Lesson Eight. (Cf. whetstone, which is like a brick)
38. before they catch you
This is supposedly followed by a semi-colon.
39. refrain
restrain; hold yourself back. You refrain from doing something when you deliberately do not do it, even though you would like to do it or had intended to do it.
He carefully refrained from looking at her.
Mr Greenfield almost sighed, but refrained.
40. from pure funk
out of sheer cowardice. "Funk" in the meaning of "lack of courage" is an old-fashioned British usage.
41. when their luck is out
when they do not get clients
42. It is the suburbs, as it were, of poverty
This metaphor can be interpreted in two ways:
(1) Life on six francs a day is not absolute poverty, but only on the fringe of it. I am better off than those who live in the "inner city" (centre) of poverty, i.e. those who are truly broke and penniless.
(2) A large size of population live in this style,. Lots of people, if they could afford it, used to move from the inner city to suburbs for purer air and less traffic noise, so that suburbs became the area where vast masses of people lived. This interpretation has the advantage of being a reinforcement of the sentence "thousands of people ... live it", but it is doubtful whether the automobile made it possible so early as in the 1920s or 1930s for people to work in the city and yet live in the suburbs many miles away.
as it were: so to, speak; as one/you might say.
These expressions are used when one is speaking in metaphors, puns, or in other figurative ways. They are warnings to the listener that what is being said is not literally true.
He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.
The sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain.
You are, so to speak, a fish out of water.
He goes to work early; before the office is awake, so to speak.
43. outweigh
be more significant or important than, e.g.
National interest outweighed local objections.
44. some of the others
mentioned in the next sentence as the discoveries of boredom, mean complications, and the beginnings of hunger.
45. mean complications
an alternative to "complicated meanness" (pa.1). Here is a similar case: we can refer to an infant girl as a baby girl or a girl baby with due emphasis on the classifying premodification.
46. redeeming feature
(also: redeeming point; saving grace) a good quality that prevents something from being thought of as completely bad or worthless
His speeches are boring but they have the redeeming feature of being short.
The play's only saving grace was the high standard of acting.
redeeming feature n.可取之处
47. annihilates the future
puts the future completely out of your mind; makes the future seem nonexistent. "Annihilate" (destroy completely) can be used figuratively, e.g.
Radio communication has annihilated space (greatly, reduced the significance of space).
48. within certain limits
to some extent; in a sense.
Within limits, the higher the temperature, the quicker the chemical reaction.
He is businesslike within certain limits.
49. craven panics
fearful panics; panics that characterize a very timid person
craven: very cowardly. The word is used here as a transferred epithet, describing in fact the person as being, very frightened of losing his money. One more example:
I faced the coming extraction of a bad tooth with my usual craven attitude (As usual, I felt very frightened as I waited for the surgery).
50. indifferent
detached; unconcerned
51. anodyne
cure
"Anodyne" is pain-killer, or sth mentally soothing, e.g.
He used to speak of work as "the great anodyne." (Work used to relieve his feeling of distress or unhappiness)
When you are very poor (bread and margarine is a very poor diet), you feel distressed, but at the same time being poor gives you a feeling of relief or even pleasure. The feeling of pleasure can overcome the feeling of pain and sorrow. That is why the author says poverty provides its own cure.
52. down and out
without a job or other possible means of support, homeless, and living on the streets; hopelessly poor
53. of going to the dogs
of being ruined
Over the past few years he has gone to the dogs.
He doesn't care about his appearance and he smokes and drinks so much that his health is very bad.
The original meaning of the idiom is that if something goes to the dogs, it is so worthless that people throw it to the dogs. And now you have been thrown to the dogs (have reached them), and yet you can survive it.
I. Comprehension
A. Answer the following questions.
1. Refer to the passage in Exercise VII and tell how it happened that George Orwell was reduced to six francs a day.
2. In what way was poverty boring to Orwell?
3. How did Orwell's idea of poverty differ from real poverty?
4. Why, according to the author, did secrecy attach itself to poverty?
5. Can you substitute involve for tangle in the sentence
"From the start it tangles you in a net of lies"? Why?
6. What were the things that Orwell could not afford to do?
7. How did he cope with the problem of getting meals?
8. Why does Orwell say all day you are telling expensive lies?
9. What did he mean by "the extreme precariousness of life on six francs a day"?
1O. How does the affluent society serve as a satire on human poverty?
11. What was the redeeming feature of poverty to the author?
12. Explain the philosophical implications in the feeling of relief that Orwell found in being genuinely down and out.
13. All in all, how many things did Orwell discover about poverty?
B. Choose the right answer to complete each of the following statements.
1. In this essay, the pronoun "you" is used to refer to( ). a. man in general
b. the reader
c. the writer
d. none of the above
2. In those days, Orwell used to have his meals( ). a. in a restaurant
b. in the Luxemburg Gardens
c. in his own room
d. in a wine shop
3. The writer has used all the following devices EXCEPT( ). a. anecdotes
b. metaphor
c. antithesis
d. rhetorical questions
4. The writing style of the essay is( ). a. casual and loose
b. humorous and human
c. formal and profound
d. fast-moving and vivacious
5. From the essay, we may conclude that the writer was( ). a. a pessimist who worried about poverty all his life
b. an optimist who did not care even when he was extremely poof
c. a vain person who would not admit that he was poof
d. a philosopher who was able to view the pros and cons of poverty coolly
II. Vocabulary
A. Rewrite the following sentences by using the words and expressions given below.
attach to for life cut down (on)
be reduced to rob...of keep up appearances
1. He has beyond suspicion.
2. Sometimes he would buy expensive clothes to pretend that he was still well-to-do.
3. If you want to lose weight, you must not take so much sugar in your coffee.
4. Nothing could separate them except death.
5. John lost his chance to visit China because of a sudden illness.
6. During the recent famine in Africa, many people were forced to eat grass and leaves.
B. Fill in the blanks with proper words and expressions from the text.(输入完毕后按ctrl键得知对错)
1. The play's witty dialogue does nothing to the absurdity of its plot.
2. As he was time, he had to his talk.
3. A stroke of bad luck me my valuable painting.
4. People fled when the fire broke out.
5. Hunger every other thought from Orwell's mind.
6 He used to spend his leisure time about the streets and looking into the shop windows.
7. An artist's career can be rather .
8. It was a great _ to him that the advantages turned out to the disadvantages.
C. Translate the following into English with the given words and phrases.
venture tangle self-pity
refrain as it were to some extent
come over cut down (on) rob...of
be reduced to
1．我可以提个建议吗?
2．在那次暴风雨中，他们丧失了一切财产。
3．怜惜自己使他看不到他人的困难。
4．如果你再不节制饮食，你的体重就会大大增加。
5．从某种程度上讲，他是中国儿童文学的先驱之一。
6．他几乎情不自禁地放声高歌。
7．我不知道他是怎么回事，但是他似乎不想说话。
8．大病以后，她几乎瘦得成了个影子。
9．那人的长发被大风吹得乱成一团。
10．他渴望重新见到她。
D. Word formation
Explain the meaning of the following compound verbs and adjectives:
Model: outweigh: to weigh greater or more
underfed: not fed with enough food;
not given enough to eat.
1. outdo overtake
outgrow overlook
backtrack foreshadow
overshadow uproot
override upset
2. undergrown near-sighted
underdone outbound
updated outspoken
withdrawn outspread
withheld outworn
E. Fill in the blanks with the new words and phrases from the text.(输入完毕后按ctrl键得知对错)
1. Henry Adams was seized when he found he had lost the one-million pound bank note.
2. John brushed away the dust on his coat with of his hand.
3. The climber had only a hold on the slippery rock.
4. This job is highly demanding but it has its own .
5. People are contract lung cancer if they indulge them selves in heavy smoking.
6. "Could you lend me some money ?" .
"I'm sorry I'm myself."
7. The pouring rain all his desire for going.
8. It was by a of luck that I found your address.
F. Vocabulary revision
Fill in the blanks with the words and phrases given.
not because...but because all told
worth on...basis trickle
1. As the hour grew late, the speaker grew tired; the torrent of words became a .
2. He does it he likes doing it, he thinks it right.
3. The problems were going to be settled a realistic .
4. His evidence was not a button.
5. , some 60 million Europeans have immigrated to the Americas.
III. Word Study
A. Translate the following by uging the words in WORD STUDY.
1．不要再提出新的问题，使这件事变得更复杂化。
2．这种测验智力的玩具对孩子们来讲是太复杂了。
3．恶劣的飞行条件是一种没有预料到的复杂情况。
4．电视机和收音机的价格降低了。
5．在大萧条时期，贫困使许多人在街上乞讨。
6．政府许诺今年晚些时候要降低物价。
7．乔治由于腿部骨折被允许住院。
8．这把钥匙可以让你进入办公室。
9．入场你得付费。
10．他的思想老是开小差。
11．当心别滑倒。
12．只要批评的目的是为了改进我们的工作，我不怕受批评。
B. Word study revision
Correct one mistake in each of the following sentences.
l. The child's answer was quite satisfied.
2. He denied to have seen these cameras before.
3. She does not have many experiences in taking care of the babies.
4. We did not have a wonderful dinner.
5. She is very perceptible about the moods of others.
IV. Grammar (non-finite verbs)
A. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a present participle, a past participle, or a perfect participle.
1. He found no one in the classroom. So he left in a bad temper.
2. He realised that he could not do the job alone. So he asked me to help him.
3. I entered the room. I was surprised at what I saw.
4. He found his revolver. He loaded it. He sat down facing the door.
5. The teacher entered the room. The students stopped talking.
6. People were sleeping in the next room. They were wakened by the noise.
7. We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the destination.
8. She believed that she could trust him completely. She gave him a blank cheque.
9. The lion found his cage door open. He saw no sign of his keeper. He left the cage and walked slowly towards the zoo entrance.
10. She wore extremely fashionable clothes. She was surrounded by photographers and pressmen. She 9wept up to the microphone.
1l. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on the bed.
B. Correct the following sentences.
1. Reading the essay a second time, the meaning becomes clear.
2. It was beginning raining when we were arriving there.
3. Dog tired, the bed now seemed to be the most desirable object in the world.
4. Confined to the bed for a whole month because of the accident, his wife nursed him back to life.
5. Finished my homework, I turned on the radio.
6. While sitting before the window, I saw John run after the thief.
7. Left the room in a hurry, John forgot closing the windows.
8. Walking into the classroom, a new picture on the wall caught my eye.
9. He is a good swimmer but he doesn't like swimming today, as his girlfriend is coming.
1O. I regret informing you that, being very busy myself, it is impossible for me to help you right now.
C. Do the following multiple-choice exercises.
1. He succeeded ___ everybody angry with his remarks. a. to make
b. making
c. in making
d. made
2. "Why don't you telephone your brother ?" "I'm not sure he'd ___ in his office at this hour."
a. been
b. be
c. being
d. is
3. "How do you know about the robbery ?" "I heard it ___ !"
a. planning
b. be planned
c. being planned
d. to be planned
4. ___ from the prison, he looked for a place where he could get food. a. To escape
b. To have escaped
c. Escaping
d. Having escaped
5. ___ the room suddenly, he found them smoking. a. To enter
b. To have entered
c. Entering
d. Having entered
6. Did you remember ___ the door ? a. to lock
b. to have locked
c. locking
d. having locked
7. ___ his progress with his teacher, I sent for him right away. a To discuss
b. To have discussed
c. Discussing
d. Having discussed
8. John was seen ___ the room. a. to come out of
b. come out of
c. coming out of
d. to have come out of
9. I'm sorry ___ you this morning. a. to disturb
b. disturbing
c. to have disturbed
d. having disturbed
1O. The tree, ___ the gale, had fallen. a. to uproot in
b. uprooting in
c. being uprooted by
d. uprooted by
11. ___ he was poof, I offered to help him. a. To know
b. Known
c. Knowing
d. Having known
12. ___ late, John set out an hour earlier than usual. a. To try to avoid to be
b. To try avoiding being
c. Trying to avoid to be
d. Trying to avoid being
D. Translate the following into English, using at least one non-finite verb in each sentence．
1．我们相信社会主义比资本主义优越。
2．他们一边谈笑，一边跑了出去。
3．我们都以为他通过了考试。
4．我们发现她变了好多。
5，很抱歉，让你久等了。
6．我的自行车坏了，得去修一下。
7．她装作没看见我。
8．作为一位教师，她知道学生需要些什么。
9．她见到我们似乎很惊讶。
19．有关各方面都在场。
11．他这人不好相处。
12．浇完了花，他就上学去了。
13．他似乎很快活。(enjoy)
14．操场上有些男孩在踢球。
15．天气允许的话，我们明天就去那儿。
16．即使受到邀请，我也不会去。
17．正在那儿建造的那幢楼是个新的旅馆。
18．一个十岁的孩子做这个不容易。
19．除了服从，他没有别的选择。
20．他在中国住过好些年，所以汉语说得很流利。
V. Writing
A. Write an autobiographical sketch of yourself in about 400 words.
B. Orwell states that "the great redeeming feature of poverty is that it annihilates the future." Discuss the statement.
VI. Topies for Oral Work
A. Act out the scene in the baker's shop.
B. Suppose you are George Orwell and you are talking to a friend about your experience in Paris.
VII. Comprehensive Exercises
A. Read the following passage and turn it into a dictation exercise of about 150 words.
I lived in the Coq d'Or quarter for about a year and a half. One day, in summer, I found that I had just four hundred and fifty francs left, and beyond this nothing but thirty-six francs a week, which I earned by giving English lessons. Hitherto I had not thought about the future, but I now realised that I must do something at once. I decided to start looking for a job, and - very luckily, as it turned out - I took the precaution of paying two hundred francs for a month's rent in advance. With the other two hundred and fifty francs, besides the English lessons, I could live a month, and I should probably find work. I aimed at becoming a guide to one of the tourist companies, or perhaps an interpreter. However, a piece of bad luck prevented this.
One day there turned up at the hotel a young Italian who called himself a compositor. He was rather an ambiguous person, for he wore side whiskers, which are the mark either of an apache or an intellectual, and nobody was quite certain in which class to put him. Madame F. did not like the look of him, and made him pay a week's rent in advance. The Italian paid the rent and stayed six nights at the hotel. During this time he managed to prepare some duplicate keys, and on the last night he robbed a dozen rooms, including mine. Luckily, he did not find the money that was in my pockets, so I was not left penniless. I was left with just forty-seven francs - that is, seven and tenpence.
This put an end to my plans of looking for work. I had now got to live at the rate of about six francs a day, and from the start it was too difficult to leave much thought for and thing else.
It was now that my experiences of poverty began - for six francs a day, if not actual poverty, is on the fringe of it. Six francs is a shilling, and you can live on a shilling a day in Paris if you know how. But it is a complicated business.
B. Fill in each blank with ONE word only.(输入完毕后按ctrl键得知对错)
You discover the boredom which is inseparable poverty; the times when you nothing to do and, underfed, can interest yourself nothing. For half a day a time you lie your bed, feeling like the jeune squelette in Baudelair's poem. food could rouse you. discover that a man has gone even a week bread and margarine is a man any longer, a belly with a few accessory organs.
C. Do the puzzles.
a. Here are five phrases. Rearrange the letters of each phrase to make another phrase from the text.
1. that coat
2. 0 cover me
3. get good host
4. wear ties
5. to ask Tare
b. Answer the following questions.
1. In the English alphabet, which letter is always salt?
a. When is a tap not a tap?
c. The following phrases are often used as a means of comparison. Complete the phrase in each case.
l. as white as
2. as green as
3. as poor as
4. as strong as
5. He smokes like as
I. Comprehension
A.
5. Involve cannot be substituted for tangle, which is used in accord with the metaphor of "net." If the metaphor is dropped, involve can be used: It involves you in a series of lies.
B.
1. c
The text has "you," "one" and "I" alternatively (paragraphs 6 and 10 for example) for the change of style.
2. c
3. d
"I shall be starving in a day or two - shocking, isn't it?" in paragraph 10 is not a rhetorical question, which anyhow is addressed to the reader, but the author's inner reflection. Antithesis is used in, for example, the third and fourth sentences in paragraph 1.
4. b
5. d
II. Vocabulary
A.
1. Suspicion did not attach to him. /No suspicion could be attached to him.
2. to keep up appearances.
3. must cut down the amount of sugar/must cut down on the sugar ...
4. They were devoted to/loved each other for life./ They were together for life.
It is wrong to say "Nothing could separate them for life," but "Nothing could separate them during their life."
5. A sudden illness robbed him of his chance to visit China.
6. ... were reduced to eating ...
B.
1. redeem/reduce
2. running out of, cut down
Not: cut down on. Compare:
In these times of rising prices, we must all cut down (on) our spending (reduce, esp. to save money).
You must cut down your article to fit into our magazine (shorten).
3. robbed, of
4. in panic
5. annihilated
6. loafing/wandering
7. precarious
8. consolation/relief, outweigh (offset; neutralize; compensate for)
C.
l. May I venture (to make) a suggestion?
2. They were robbed of all their belongings/possessions during that storm./The storm robbed them of all their property.
3. Self-pity made him blind to other people's problems./ He's so full of self-pity he can't see anyone else's troubles.
4. If you don't cut down on your food, you will gain/ put on a lot of weight.
5. He is, to some extent, one of the forerunners of Chinese children's literature.
6. He could hardly refrain from singing out loud/singing aloud/singing his heart out.
7. I don't know what is the matter with him, but he seems to have been reduce to a silent person./I don't know what has happened to him, but he seems, as it were, not in a mood to talk.
8. She was reduced, as it were, to a mere shadow after the serious disease.
9. The man's long hair was blown into a tangle by/got tangled in the strong wind.
10. A great longing came over him to see her./A strong desire to see her again came over him.
E.
1. with panic
2. a flick
3. precarious
4. redeeming features/consolations
5. liable to
6. hard up
7. annihilated
8. stroke
F.
1. trickle
2. not because, but because
3. on, basis
4. worth (not worth anything)
5. All told
III. Word study
A.
1. Don't complicate the problem by raising new issues.
2.The puzzle is/Such intelligence-measuring toys are/ educational toys are too complicated for children.
3. Bad flying conditions/Bad conditions for flight were an unexpected complication.
4. The prices of TV sets and radios are/have been reduced.
5. Poverty reduced many to begging in the streets during the Depression.
6. The government promised to reduce prices/promised to make price reductions/promised a reduction of prices/ promised reductions in price later this year.
7. George was admitted to (the) hospital with a/on account of his broken leg.
8. This key will admit you to the office. (sounds too formal; better say "let you into the office")
9.You have to pay for admission.
10. His mind kept wandering/wanders a lot.
11. Mind you don't slip./Mind your steps.
12. I don't mind being criticized so long as it is done with a view to/it aims at improving our work.
B.
1.. . .quite satisfactory.
2.. . .denied having seen ...
3.. . .have much experience ...
4. no mistake
5.. . .very perceptive ...
IV. Grammar (non-finite verbs)
A.
1.Finding ..., he left ...
To talk about the reason, it is not necessary to use the perfect participle.
2. Realizing ..., he asked ... (reason)
3. Entering ..., (time, =on entering)
4. Having found ... he loaded it and sat ...
5. The teacher entering ...
6. While sleeping. . .(time)/ Sleeping ... (reason)
7. . . .soaked to the skin.
Do not put the past participle at the beginning of the sentence, which would suggest reason and render the sentence nonsensical. Cf.
The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once (reason).
He came back, utterly, exhausted (accompanying circumstance)
8. Believing ... (reason)
9. Finding . . .and seeing ..., the lion. . .
10. Wearing and surrounded ..., she ...
11. Exhausted by ...
B.
1. ... he found the meaning clear.
2. It was beginning to rain when we arrived there.
3. As I was dog tired,. . .
4. After being confined ... he was nursed back to life by his wife.
5. Finishing /Having finished ..., ... /Finished with my homework, I turned ...
6.. . .John running ...
7. Leaving the ..., John forgot to close ...
8. Walking ..., I caught sight of a new picture on the wall. /As/When I walked . . .,a new picture . . .caught my eye.
9. ... like to swim ...
The infinitive is more common to refer to one particular occasion. Also, "want" is better than "like".
10. I regret to inform you that, as. I'm very . . .,. .. /I regret to inform you that, being very busy, myself, I am not in a position to help ...
C.
1. c 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. a /d 8. a /c 9. c 10. d 11. c 12. d
D.
1. We believe socialism to be superior to capitalism.
2. They ran out, laughing and talking merrily.
3. We all supposed him to have passed the examination.
4. We found her greatly changed.
5. I'm sorry to have kept you waiting (so long).
6. My bike has broken down. I'll have to have it repaired/fixed.
7. She pretended not to see me
8. Being a teacher, she knew what her students needed.
9. She seemed to be very surprised/astonished to see us.
10. All parties concerned were present.
11. He is a difficult man to get along with./He is not easy to get along with.
12. Having watered the flowers, he went to school.
13. He seemed to be enjoying himself.
14. There are some boys playing football on the playground.
15. Weather permitting, we shall go there tomorrow.
16. Even if invited, I still won't go.
17. The building being constructed there is a new hotel.
18. It is difficult for a boy of ten to do this.
19. There is no alternative for him but to obey./He has no choice but to obey.
20. Having lived in China for many years, he can speak Chinese very fluently.
VII. Comprehensive Exercises
A. notes:
1. apache: a gangster or rascal of Paris
It comes from the French word "apache," first used of Parisian thieves at the turn of the century by the French journalist Victor Moris.
2. seven and tenpence: seven shillings and tenpence. In Orwell's time, one pound equalled twenty shillings, and one shilling equalled twelve pence. Decimalization of money system did not take place in Britain until 1971. With it also came the reform in spelling. We now write, for example, ten pence in two separate words to indicate its value in new pence after decimalization.
B. key:
from, have, being, in, at, on, Only, You, who, on, not, only
notes:
1. for half a day at a time: for half a day continuously
2. on your bed: not necessarily under the quilt and with your clothes off
3. jeune squelette: (French) young skeleton
4. Baudelaire's poem: Charles Pierre Baudelaire (1821-1867), French poet and essayist. The poem mentioned is number 88 in his Spleen et Ideal.
5. We can fill in the last blank with "but" or "just," if we may disregard Orwell's original wording.
C.
a. 1. attach to
2. come over
3. go to the dogs
The question should be "get good host."
4. as it were
5. at a stroke
b. 1. The letter "c", which is homonymic to the word "sea".
2. When it is dripping. The question follows the analogy of this folk riddle:
- When is a door not a door?
- When it is ajar.
where "ajar" is taken to mean an object - a jar. Here in our question, we similarly mean "dripping" to be the fat which comes (falls in drops) out of meat when it is roasted.
c. 1. a sheet/chalk/snow
2. grass
3. a church mouse
4. a horse/an ox
5. a chimney
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