三、定语从句

定语从句在四级英语测试中占有一定的比重，大约在词汇语法题的7.4%，平均每次都有一题，实际测试中有时多达三道题，如1996年6月，98年6月和2000年6月都有三倒考查定语从句的题。在我们讲四级英语测试对定语从句的考查之前，先让我们看以下几题：

Test yourself

1) Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____

obtaining water is not the least.(1998.1)

A.for which 　　B.to which 　　C.of which 　　D.in which

2) A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, ____were surprising. (1999.1)

A.as results 　　B.which results 　　C.the results of it 　　D.the results of which

3) We need a chairman ____.(1998.6)

A.for whom everyone has confidence 　　B.in whom everyone has confidence

C.who everyone has confidence of 　　D.whom everyone has confidence on

4) The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ___ is often the case in other countries.(1998.6)

A.as 　　B.what 　　C.so 　　D.that

5) The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ____ up to half will be from overseas.(1998.6)

A.in which 　　B.for which 　　C.with which　　 D.of whom

6) Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ____overall

consumption is significantly higher than that of women.(2000.6)

A.whose 　　B.which 　　C.that 　　D.what

7) We were struck by the extent ____ which teacher's decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the children.(1996.6)

A.to 　　B.for　　 C.in　　 D.with

8) Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot. (1996.6)

A.in the same way like 　　B.in the same way which

C.in the same way 　　D.in the same way as

9) I've never been to Beijing, but it is the place ____.(1999.6)

A.where I'd like to visit 　　B.in which I'd like to visit

C.I most want to visit　　 D.that I want to visit it most

10) ___ might be expected, the response to the question was very

mixed.(1996.6)

A.As 　　B.That 　　C.It 　　D.What

xplanation and Expansion

A． 参考答案: 1) C 2) D 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) A 7) A

8) D 9) C 10) A

B． 评析

从以上各题可以看出，定语从句的考查还是集中在关系词的选择，与1，2，3级不同，四级考试中的定语从句虽然也有关系词最一般的用法，但更多的是对特殊关系词的考查。总的说来有以下几点需要注意

① 关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：

the same … as

such … as

当看到先行词前有the same 或such修饰时，可直接从选项中找as，选择就变得比较简单，如8。在这种情况下，考生用不着考虑先行词是人还是物。如

Our company won't employ such graduates as you recommend.

I'm determined to buy such a flat as you are now living in.

② 上面有两道题涉及到关系词在句中做定语。同学们应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。

做定语的关系词可有以下变体，试比较：

the office whose windows are broken

the office the windows of which are broken

the office of which the windows are broken

上面的2）题就属于the windows of which这种形式。

先行词是人时，同样也可有这三种形式，如：

the professor whose car was stolen

the professor the car of whom was stolen

the professor of whom the car was stolen

当然考试中也有最一般形式的考查，如上面的6），只要能够看出关系词做定语修饰overall consumption就不难判断答案为whose。

③ 注意"介词 + which/whom"的结构做关系词

从四级考试对定语从句的测试来看，主要考查的是介词的选择。"介词 + which/whom"主要有以下几种情况

A． 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如3）。表示"信任某人"要用have confidence in somebody，所以做定语，应该用a chairman in whom … has confidence。

B． "部分 + of + 整体名词"的结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 "部分名词 + of which/whom"的结构。

该结构的使用应注意两点，一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别，如：

He invited two scientists to his birthday party, many of _____ were

his old classmates.

A.whom B.them C.which D.that

这里很自然地会有many of whom 与many of them的选择。

二是注意该结构可以有变体，即"of whom/which + 部分名词"，上面的5）题就是一例，可以写成up to half of whom。

C． 另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词，四级考题中已经有两个这种考题，如上面的1）题，其实该句表示的是obtaining water is not the least of its problems， 所以用of which，2000年6月又有一道与此基本完全相同的题：

Living in the western part of the country has its problems, ____ obtaining fresh water is not the least.

A.with which B.for which C.of which D.which (2000.6)

D． 更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系，如：

He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, of which this is an example.

这里用of which因为，正常的结构是an example of the music。

E． 有时介词与先行词构成短语，如7）题，to which源于to … extent的短语搭配。1997年1月也有一道题考查该短语搭配。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________which a price

change will affect supply and demand.

A.from B.with C.to D.for (1997.1)

④ 注意as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法

as引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，表示"正如……"。如上面的4）和10）两题。

一般as引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。但，as从句表示的行为经常是在主句行为之前，而which引导的定语从句表示的却在主句之后，表示连续发生的事情或结果等。如：

He promised to help me, which he did.

He was often late for work, which cost him his job.

⑤ 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用。如果用when, where 或why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用which/that等。如上面9）中，先行词在从句中visit的宾语，关系词不能用where，而只能是that/which。再如：

I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country.

⑥ 关系词做代替的成分在从句中不能再次出现。

⑦ 注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如：

There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.

A.that B.which C.in which D.whose (2000.6)

由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰关系，所以whose不对，如果是定语从句，关系词代替signs，而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，从句表示sign的内容。

⑧ 适当注意that和which的不同，什么情况下只能用that，什么情况下只能用which。

⑨ 注意从句与其它成分的区别，如下题：

As _________announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commoditier Fair is also open on Sundays.

A.being B.is C.to be D.been (1997.1)

这里涉及到从句与非谓语动词的区别，如果是非谓语动词的话，则是保留了连词的非谓语动词做状语，根据announce与句子主语之间的关系，应该什么都不填，这里还是定语从句。答案为B。

Self-practice

上面他们一起分析了四级英语测试中对定语从句的考查特点和重点，也清楚了应该注意的一些事项和可用的一些方法技巧，下面请同学们《语法分册》217-218页模拟题。

四、状语从句

状语从句也是四级词汇和句法部分考查的重点之一，95年至2000年6月共设考题20题，占10%强。就状语从句而言，主要是根据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此，在准备状语从句时，主要任务是弄清楚各种状语从句的连词。

1．时间状语从句的连词

表示时间的连词有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as，有些名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句，如the moment, the instant, each time，有些是固定句型如：no sooner … than hardly/scarcely …when。在这些连词的使用中应注意

① as强调同时，也表示"一边……，一边……"，while表示主句动作发生在从句的过程之中，要求从句谓语动词为状态动词或持续性动词，when的使用则比较简单，相当于汉语的"当……时候"。如：

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests.

A.when B.since C.before D.after (1996.1)

四个选项都表示时间，但根据主从句间的关系可以判断答案 为A。

② 注意when的特殊句型

下列句型中when连接的不是时间状语从句，但考试中却常与其它时间状语从句的连词一块出题。

were/was doing something when …

were/was about to do something when …

had just done something when …

四级考题中不乏对上述结构的考查，如：

I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ___ I heard voices.

A.as B.when C.after D.while (1997.6)

I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ___ something occurred which attracted my attention.

A.unless B.until C.when D.while (1996.1)

这类考题比较简单，只要同学们清楚这一句型，答案则自然可得。

③ 注意no sooner … than ….和hardly/scarcely …when句中的时态。

④ 注意not … until 中时间状语可以提前。如

____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.

A.Before B.Until C.From D.Since (1995.6)

但只要同学们能够辨认not … until 的句法结构，答案也就显而易见。

比较常见的提前方式是将not until….提至句首，后面用肯定形式，主谓倒装。本题可以改成，Not until quite recently did most mothers in Britain take paid work outside the home.这时，句子采用主谓倒装结构，应注意。

⑤ 在对名词短语做连词引导时间状语从句时，常与名词构成的其它短语相区别。如：

You see the lightening ___ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.

A.the instant B.for an instant C.on the instant D.in an instant

(1997.1)

能够引导时间状语从句的是名词the instant，而不是由其构成的介词短语。

⑥ 注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型，如It won't be long before … 和It is …since两类句型。It won't be long before可以有三个变体，即：It was (not) + 一段时间 + before，It won't be + 一段时间+ before。如95年6月就有对此的考查：

Scientists say it may be five or ten years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.

A.since B.before C.after D.when

2．原因状语从句的连词

原因状语从句一般由because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that连接。对于表原因连词本身的区别考查相对较少，主要是与其它状语从句连词的对比。如：

① ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.(1999.6)

A.For B.Since C.Before D.While

② ____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.(1997.6)

A.For B.Now C.Since D.Despite

1) 从以上两题可以看出，首先，同学们要根据主从句的语意关系，确定是什么状语从句，然后在进行选择。

2) 注意连词的结构，如2）为Now that的搭配。

3) 注意for, because, since/as的区别。一般说来，for不表示原因，其所连接的是并列句，是一种解释说明，尤其是当用结果来反证原因时。如：

He must have experienced something very unpleasant, for he looks so upset.

You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness, for it often leads to errors.

4) 注意引导原因状语从句的还可以是considering/seeing that，其用法与since/as相同。如：

Considering that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistakes.

Seeing that you have come, you may as well stay here for a few days.

3．条件状语从句的连词

涉及到条件状语从句的考查题很多，如时态，虚拟语气等。但从状语从句的概念来讲，这里我们所说的是条件状语从句性质的判断和连词的选择。要求同学们首先能理解主从句之间的关系，确定是条件状语从句，然后在根据各连词的特点进行选择。如：

① I am sure he is up to the job ____ he would give his mind to it.(1998.1)

A.if only B.in case C.until D.unless

② We'll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money.(1999.1)

A.lest B.until C.unless D.provided

③ ____ he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.(1998.1)

A.As soon as B.As well as C.As far as D.So long as

从以上考题来看，就条件状语从句而言，同学们应掌握以下几点：

1) unless与其它连词的差别，unless表示的是If …not …的意思。

2) if only或only if是一种强调的条件状语从句。根据if only 与unless肯定与否定条件的差别，可以判断①题答案为A。

3) provided (that)表示唯一的条件，相当于if and only if，on condition that，如②表示"明年只要有钱，我们就去欧洲。"

4) so/as long as表示条件时一般与其它类似短语一同考查，如③，四个短语都可以连接状语从句，但表达意思有别，考试的目的就是考查同学们对句子的理解能力。

5) 另外注意，引导条件状语从句的还可以是suppose/supposing, in case, once等。

4．让步状语从句的连词

引导让步状语从句的连词很多，但结构差别比较大，比较容易掌握，同学们只要能掌握各连词的结构和语义特点，准确把握主从句的关系，让步状语从句则就不过是一块巧克力。先看一下下列各题：

① I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, ___________.

A.however much it costs B.however does it cost much

C.how much does it cost D.no matter how it costs (1996.6)

② ____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.(2000.6)

A.Although much he likes her B.Much although he likes her

C.As he likes her much D.Much as he likes her

③ ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.(1999.1)

A.Even if B.As far as C.If only D.So long as

④ ____ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.(1998.1)

A.But for B.For all C.Above all D.Except for

从以上四级真题我们可以看到对让步状语从句的考查特点：一是让步状语从句与其它状语从句的对比，如③，另一种是让步状语从句连词自身的结构功能，如①②两题。下面我们就一起来看让步状语从句的连词功能：

1) although/though连接让步状语从句，表示"尽管"，从句用直陈语序，与汉语的结构类似。

2) as引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构，如②题。可提至句首的有名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。如：

Child as he is, he behaves like a grown-up.

Fail as he did, he was not disappointed at all.

Much as I tried, I failed to persuade him.

3) No matter + 疑问词和疑问词 + ever引导让步状语从句，表示"不论谁""不论什么时间/地点/方式"等等，从句用直陈语序。由此可以判断上面①题答案为A。

4) For all表示让步时后面可以接从句，也可以接名词短语，后接名词时常与其它类似短语比较，如④。注意接从句：

For all that he has a master's degree, I don't think he can outdo me in many aspects.

5) 其它用来引导让步状语从句的还有whether …or， even if， even though，和"动词 + 疑问词+主语+情态动词"，如：

Say what you will, he will turn a deaf year.So it's better to keep silent.

Doubt whom you may, you shouldn't doubt me.

5．方式状语从句的连词

相比之下，方式状语从句则简单了许多，四级考试中还从未涉及此项。用来表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though。如：

I have made the change as you suggested.

I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday.

6．结果状语从句的连词

尽管这几年，四级考试中并没有考题涉及结果状语，同学们还是应该了解以下结果状语从句的一些用法。首先让我们先来熟悉一下结果状语从句所在句式：

1) so … that…/ such ….that

该句式中重要考查的是so和such的区别。应注意以下可能出现的结构：

so nice a boy that…

such a nice boy that…

so beautiful/diligent/carefully … that…

such (fine weather/great improvement) that…

2) so that

Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time.

该句式中主要考查so that 与其它短语的区别，如：

I took no notice of him, ___ he flew into a rage.

A.for that B.so that C.in that D.but that

由于so that也可以引导目的状语从句，同学们应特别注意从句中时态的运用。

3) so much so that

该结构用于形容词或副词之后，表示"到如此程度以致于"。如：

He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk.

I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night.

4) 注意结构状语从句与too….to..enough to…, so… as to结构的不同。

7．目的状语从句的连词

目的状语从句是比较常用的，也是比较简单的状语从句。就目的状语从句而言，第一，同学们应该清楚的是引导目的状语从句各连词所表达的语义差别，对于个别的状语从句中的时态要求应有所了解。具体测试中，主要是根据主从句的语意逻辑关系来判断从句的属性。如：

① I was advised to arrange for insurance ___ I needed medical

treatment.

A.nevertheless B.although C.in case D.so that (1999.1)

② The man mad was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ___ himself.

A.injure B.had injured C.injured D.would injure (1998.1)

从这两题我们可以看出，

1） 在解答状语从句的试题时，首先是判断主从句的逻辑关系，意思确定了，答案也就有了。如第一题，安排保险的目的是以防自己有朝一日需要医务治疗，而能表达这种目的含义的只有选项C。

2） 注意状语从句中的时态，如lest后常用should + 原形动词，should可以省略，而第二题也正式对这一原则的考查。

3） 注意其它表目的连词的用法，如for fear that表示"恐怕""以免"等：

The workers never complain though they are badly treated for fear that they might lose their job.

8．地点状语从句

表示地点的自然是where或 wherever引导，要求同学们做到的就是在考试中能从上下文中看出从句表地点的特征。如：

① Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ____ other more well-informed experimenters failed.(1998.1)

A.which B.that C.what D.where

② I have kept the portrait ___ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.(1996.1)

A.which B.where C.whether D.when

这种地点状语从句一般是与定语从句相比较，如上面第一题，也可能与其它状语相比较，如第二题。

9．自我训练

上面我和同学们一起分析了四级考试中对状语从句的考查方式和解题的一些注意事项，下面，请同学们做《语法分册》131-132上的有关题目。

五、名词性从句

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，在四级考试中所占比重不大，约4.7%。在讲解名词性从句的考试方式和答题要素前，让我们先看以下几题：

Test Yourself

1) Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _____ will happen to her private life.(2000.1)

A.that 　　B.what 　　C.it 　　D.this

2) We agreed to accept ____ they thought was not the best tourist guide.(2000.1)

A.whatever 　　B.whomever 　　C.whichever 　　D.whoever

3) In some countries, ____ is called "equality" does not really mean

equal rights for all people.

A.which 　　B.what 　　C.that 　　D.one (1995.6)

4) When I try to understand ____ that prevents so many Americans from being as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes.(1998.1)

A.why it does 　　B.what it does 　　C.what it is 　　D.why it is

5) They are teachers and don't realize ____ to start and run a

company.(1995.1)

A.what it takes 　　B.what takes it 　　C.what they take 　　D.what takes them

6) By success I don't mean ____ usually thought of when that word is used.(1996.6)

A.what is 　　B.that we 　　C.as you 　　D.all is

7) The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.(1997.6)

A.what　　 B.which 　　C.that vD.why

8) There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.(2000.6)

A.that 　　B.which 　　C.in which　　 D.whose

Explanation and Expansion

A． 参考答案：1) B 2) D 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) A 7) C 8)A

B． 评析

1) 名词性从句的考查主要集中在两点，一是从句的语序为直陈语序，这一点在上面的5）题就有涉及。

2) 另一点则是名词性从句的连词的选择，而其中以what的使用最为广泛，涉及what连词的占5/8。

3) 连词what为缩合连词，相当于all that/ everything that等，而与之经常在同一题出现的which为疑问连词，表示"哪一个？"的概念，that做名词性从句的连词在从句中不做任何成分，也因此经常省略。在解这种题时一是看从句所表达的含义，最重要的是看连词在从句中是否做主语、宾语或表语。

4) 注意whoever 与who的差别。whoever相当于anyone who，而who为疑问连词。但从四级考试来看，更倾向于whoever 与whatever, whichever等的比较。也就是说，测试倾向于句子的理解，而不只是语法规则的记忆。

5) 除what以为，when, where, why也都可做缩合连词来用，考生也应引以注意，如：

I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village.

Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day?

6) 名词性从句考查设疑的另一点就是从句与非从句的比较，如1）中是否可以用it 或this，3）中是否可以用one等。

7) 同位语从句一般以that为连词者句多，如上面的7）8）两题。这类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词的具体内容，连词that没有任何词汇意义，也没有任何句法功能。

本节我和同学们一起分析了四级词汇/语法测试中对时态、语态、虚拟语气和各种从句的用法特点和解题规律。