词语辨析2
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『相似词语辨析』

 
asleep, sleeping
这两个词都表示“入睡”、“睡着”的意思,但用法各异,主要区别有以下几点:
(一)asleep是表语形容词,在句中放在verb“tobe”之后;它不能放在名词之前,例如我们不可以说:Look at the asleep baby,应把asleep改为sleeping。例:
She was fast asleep;I couldn't wake her up.她睡得很熟,我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep.那个老人睡着了。
请注意,be asleep是指“睡着”的状态,如果表示“入睡”的意味,就要用fall asleep。上面两个例句反映了这个区别。
(二)sleeping 是定语形容词,它放在它所修饰的名词之前,如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后(He is sleeping),sleeping不是形容词,而是动词,is sleeping 是现在进行时。例:
Who is that sleeping man?那个在睡觉的人是谁?
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby.照看好那个在睡觉的婴孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie.莫惹事生非。
sleeping一词有构词能力,它能和另一些词构成复合名词。如:sleeping-bag(睡袋);sleeping-car(卧车);sleeping-pill(安眠药);sleeping-sickness(昏睡症);sleeping-partner((不参与经营的)匿名合伙人)。
Sleeping有一近义词,即sleepy。sleepy既可作表语,又可作定语。作表语时,义:“困倦”、“想睡觉”,用作定语时,义:“贪睡”、“寂静的”。例:
The children fell sleepy;put them to bed.孩子们困了,把他们放到床上睡吧。
John is a sleepyhead.约翰是个贪睡的人。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon.Do you like this sleepy valley?
这里是九龙的郊区。你喜欢这寂静的山谷吗?


at ease,with ease
这两个介词短语的词义范围和使用场合并不相同。at ease的意思是“安逸地”、“安心地”、“自在地”(feeling confident or relaxed),其反义短语为ill at ease;with ease的意思是“轻松地”、“容易地”(easily or without difficulty)。
就使用场合而言,at ease即可作表语,亦可作状语;with ease 只能用作状语。例:
The old couple are now quite at ease as their son is out of danger.
这一对老夫妻现在可安心了,因为他们的儿子已经脱离危险。
With good social security,the aged can live at ease.有好的社会保障,老年人都过得很安逸。
Her promise of support set my mind at ease.她答应支持我,就使我放心了。
I don't know why he is ill at ease.我不知道为什么他心神不宁。
They fulfilled the task with ease.他们轻松地完成了任务。
Our football team gained the day with ease.我们的足球队很轻松地就赢了这场球。
Every day we marched twenty miles with ease.每天我们毫不费力地行进二十英里。
注:stand at ease是军事术语,义“稍息”;take one's ease是“休息”或“无拘无束”。例:
The soldiers are standing at ease now.士兵们现在在立正稍息。
We are now taking our ease.我们现在是优哉游哉。
Please sit and take your ease while enjoying a cup of coffee.请坐下来舒舒服服地喝杯咖啡。


at heart,by heart
这一组短语的涵义也各不相同。
At heart 的意思是“在心里”、“心底里”或“本质上”(from the heart,from the bottom of one's heart or essentially)。by heart 的意思是“背诵”、“熟记”(by rote;to learn so well that one can remember it perfectly)。请看下面例句:
That socialite is a rascal at heart.那个知名人士实质上是个坏蛋。
A councillor should have the collective interest of society at heart.议员应当关心大众的利益。
At heart,Mr.Lin does not approve your proposal.林先生的心里并不赞同你的建议。
Mr.Wang looks stem,but he is kind at heart.王先生看来严肃,但买质上他很仁慈。
I know this poem by heart.我熟读/我能背诵这首诗。
I don't see the point of learning by heart all the dates in the history book!
我真不明白为什么要把历史书里所有的日期都要记下来!
请注意下列短语的意思:(跟前例 have something at heart相近)
in one's heart of hearts 在内心深处
take something to heart 认真考虑/关注某事
set one's heart on something 决心做/得到某事/物
cut(or touch)sb to the heart 触及某人痛处
one's heart is in something 把整个心放在某事上


at last,at length
这一对短语都有“终于”、“最后”的意思,但涵义和使用场合有所不同。
At length 这个词组共有三个意义: (1)长时间地。例如:He spoke at(great)length.(2)详细地。例如:They treated the subject at length.(3)终于;最后。例:After flying for ten hours,they got to San Francisco at length.
作第三种意义使用时,at length与at last同义,但它们的内涵却有所不同。当人们做某事时,遇到了困难,经过奋斗,最后得以完成,在这种场合,我们用at last。如果在做的过程中,经历了很长的时间才得以完成,这时候,不论困难大小,都可用at length表示。为此,我们说,at last强调的是“经过努力奋斗”;at length 强调的是“经历很长的时间”。通过下列例句的对比,不难看出它们之间的区别:
Before they climbed down the side of the cliff,they met with many obstacles,but they surmounted them at last.从悬崖的侧面爬下来之前,他们遇到了许多障碍,但终于把它们克服了。
In spite of every obstacle,they have at last arrived at the destination.
尽管障碍很多,他们终于到达了目的地。
After a voyage of five months,they at length arrived safe and sound.经过五个月的航行,他们终于安全抵达。
请注意,用length构成的介词短语很多,常见的有:
Hong Kong Exhibition Centre measures 200 metres in length.香港展览中心长达二百公尺。
They discussed this problem at great length.他们非常详细地讨论了这个问题。
Yesterday I had my picture taken at the studio at full length.昨天我在照相馆拍了一张全身照。
They travelled through the length and breadth of the country.他们走遍全国。


at(the)least,not(in)the least
这一对短语的涵义有很大的差异。
At least的意思是“至少”(指数量或程度上)也可解作“反正就是…”。它与 at the least,at the very least同义,可互换使用,但后两者有强调意味,远不及前者用得普遍。
下面请看例句:
The total enrolment of the university in the academic year 1991-1992 was at least 10,000,including undergraduate and postgraduate students.
在1991-1992学年期间,该大学至少有一万名大学生,包括本科大学生和研究主。
Even if you cannot help him,you can give him encouragement at least.就算你未能帮助他,至少你可以鼓励他。
Whether you like it or not,at the very least,this is reality.不管你是否喜欢,反正这是个现实。
Not the least 的意思是“毫不”、“一点也不”(by no means),也可写作 not in the least。但后者一般不用作定语。现今,后者更常见。
Are you cold?—Not(in)the least.你冷吗?—一点也不冷。
Spanish has not the least interest for them.(作定语,没有in)他们刘西班牙语毫不感兴趣。
(此句亦可改写为:They do not take the least interest in Spanish)
You shouldn't relax your vigilance(in)the least.你们不能丝毫放松警惕。
另一方面,not least义为“尤其是,特别是”:
That film caused public revulsion, not least among the education circles.
该电影引起公愤,特别是教育界的深恶。
短语 least of all的涵义是“最不”。例:That's the thing I like least of all.(这是我最不喜欢的东西)。


at the end of,by the end of
这一对短语的意思都是“在…的末了”、“在…的一端”,意义上相似,但使用场合有所不同。
一般说来,at the end of用于表示具体事物或场所的场合,它也可以用来表示比喻意。例:
The school is situated at the end of the street.该校位于这条街的尽头。
We'll have an exam in English at the end of January.一月底我们要参加英语考试。
They were at the end of their patience.他们忍无可忍。
He is at the end of his wits.他智穷才尽,束手无策。
By the end of用于表示时间的场合,往往含有“不迟于”的意味。值得注意的是,at the end of亦可用于表示时间的场合(见上面第二个例句),但其义和by the end of有所不同。试对比下面两例:
at the end of January一月底(指一月份的最后一天)
by the end of January一月底之前(指一月份结束前的几天)
We are to complete the task by the end of the year.年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。
Their communication is at an end.他们的交往到此为止。
短语 in the end的涵义是“终于”、“最后”,其义相当于 at last。例:
I'm sure everything will turn out satisfactory in the end.我确信,最后一切都会令人满意的。
In the end things will mend.船到桥头自会直。


await,wait
这两个词都是动词,又都有“期待”、“等候”之意,但用法有所不同,它们的区别如下:
(一)await是及物动词,后面直接接宾语;wait虽然也可用作及物动词,但在现代英语中,一般作不及物动词用,与for,to,till,until等词连用。
(二)await的宾语大都是抽象名词,如:decision,reply,arrival,announcement,return等;wait for的宾语一般是人或事物。
The judge awaits the coroner's inquest before giving a verdict.法官在作裁决前等待验尸官的调查。
I have been waiting for her for an hour at the bus stop.我在公共车站等候她已一小时了。
(三)await之后接动名词;wait之后接动词不定式。例如:
We shall await hearing further from them.
We shall wait to hear further from them.我们在静候他们进一步的消息。
(四)await多用于书面语;wait 多用于口语。如:
This plan awaits the approval of the board of directors.这项计划有待董事局批准。
I have been waiting here for a long time.我已在这里等了好久了。
(五)wait 除作动词外,还可用作名词。例:
I had a long wait for the train.我等火车等了好久。
They pursue a policy of wait and see.他们采取等待和观望的政策。
如上所述,wait在特定情况下也可以用作及物动词,例如:to wait your turn;to wait one's opportunity。
请注意下列句子中await和wait的使用场合:
We await (or wait for)your reply.
We wait for(不能用await)you to reply.
I shall wait to bring her home.(不能用await)
I await (or wait for)your ruling on the matter with some impatience.
当await的主语是没有生命的事物而宾语是人时,await表示 be in store或lie in wait for之意。如:
On arriving at the guest house,he found a telegram awaiting him.
Little did he realize what a surprise awaited him at home.
A hearty welcome will await you.
请注意,Time and tide wait(s)for no man(岁月不待人)的wait既可以加s,亦可不加s。


award,reward
这两个词都可以用作名词和动词,作名词时,意义相近,但不是同义词。
作名词时,award的意思是“奖品”、“奖金”,其义与prize近似,两者都指因为作出杰出成就而受奖。例:
The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award.
He won the second award of $ 2,000.
而reward作名词时,其意为“赏金”、“酬金”或一些非金钱的报酬。例:
We will offer a reward of ten thousand dollars for information about the case.
如果有人提供有关案件的情报,我们愿意出一万元赏金。
We don't expect substantial rewards.我们并不期望得到优厚的报酬。
用作动词时,award的意思是“授与”、“颁发”、“判给”;reward则表示“报答”、“酬谢”之意。例:
He was awarded the first prize for Outstanding Industrial Design.他获杰出工业设计一等奖。
We judge awarded him twenty thousand dollars as damages.法官判给他二万元作为赔偿费。
You should reward them according to their deserts.你应该对他们论功行赏。
Is that how you reward me for my help?你就是这样来报答我给你的帮助吗?
reward也可以用于比喻意。例:
I would feel amply rewarded if my book—A Study of English Twins—could be of some help to the readers.
如果我的书《英语学生词语之研究》对读者有所帮助的话,我就感到心满意足了。


be ashamed for,be ashamed of
这一对形容词短语的涵义并不相同。
To be ashamed for 的意思是“为…(一般指外在的人或事物,如他人)而感到羞耻”;to be ashamed of的意思是“由于…(一般指内在的人或事物,如自己)而感到羞耻”。例:
I'm ashamed for you.我为你感到羞耻。
I'm ashamed of you.我以你为耻。
I felt ashamed for the callousness of the government in tackling land speculation.
对于政府处理地产投机态度麻木不仁,我引以为耻。
Are you ashamed of doing such a thing?你做这样的事感到羞耻吗?
其他因搭配介词不同而含义及用法改变的词语有:
He is considerate of other people's feelings.他能体谅别人的感情。
He is considerate to old people.他对老年人很体贴。
I'm anxious for a change.我渴望改变一下环境。
I'm anxious about his health.我为他的健康而担忧。
She did it of herself.她自愿去做此事。
She did it by herself.她独立去做此事。
They are suffering for their country.他们正在为国受苦。
They are suffering from the war.他们由于战争而在受难。


be going to,will
Be going to在表示“将要”的意味时,很容易和will混淆不清。
试看下面的对话:
A:The detergent has been used up.洗洁精已用光了。
B:I'm going to get some today.C:I'll get some today.
乍然看来,乙和丙的答话的意思是一样的,都是:“今天我要去买些”,其实不然。乙用 am going to get回答甲,其言外之意是:“在甲讲洗洁精用完这句话之前,他早已心中有数,并且早就有去买洗洁精的打算”。丙用will get来回答,表示:“事前并不知道洗洁精已用完,原先也没有打算去买,直等到甲讲了之后,他才决定去买”。
通过上面的例句,我们可以知道下列对话中乙、丙的回答的不同涵义了:
A:Where is my dictionary?
B:I'm going to get it for you.
C:I'll get it for you.
此外,be going to和will还有下列的区别:
(一)be going to表示即将发生的动作;will表示将来发生的事情,不一定是最近期间之事。例:
She told him she was going to quit the job.她告诉他,她即将辞职不干。
She will go to Australia next year.她明年要去澳洲。
(二) be going to可以用以表示某人打算做某事;will则用以叙述某件将要发生之事。前者含有主观意愿;后者只是客观的叙述。例:
He is not going to be made a scapegoat.他不会去做替罪羊。
He will not become a scapegoat.他不会做替罪羊。
(三)在表示按计划或安排要发生的动作时,可以用be going to;will只表示单纯的将来,并无按规定或计划之意。例:
The railway is going to be open on October 1.这条铁路将于十月一日通车。
This railway will be electrified when there is a need.有需要时,这条铁路将改为电气化。


Be off,to be off
这两个短语的涵义并不相同。
Be off!的意思是“走开!”、“滚开!”,相当于英语的Be gone!或Get away!例:
Be off! you wretch!滚开!你这个卑鄙的家伙!
Be off! or I'll call the police.你出去,否则我要报警啦。
Be off!亦可写作 Be off with you!或 Off with you!这三种形式可互换使用。
To be off的涵义较多,有“离去”、“出发”、“脱离”、“暂停”、“中断”、“取消”等义。例:
I must be off.(=I must leave now.)我该走了。
We are off!(=Off we go!)我们出发了!
值得注意的是,We are off!和Off we go!可根据不同的场合和上下文,表达不同的时间概念。它们能表示We have started、We are starting和We are about to start等义。同样,They are off to Macau根据不同的场合,可分别译作:“他们已去澳门”、“他们正在动身去澳门”和“他们将要去澳门”。
Her shoes are off!她把鞋脱了!
The electricity(water or gas)is off!断电(水或煤气)啦!
Their engagement is off.他们的婚约取消了。
除上列各义外,to be off还可用以表述下列意思:
We are off every Wednesday.我们每星期三休息。
She sounds off on the telephone.谈电话时她有点不客气/不自然/不对劲。
All books have 20% off.所有的书籍均八折出售。
This fish is slightly off.这鱼有点不新鲜。
The motor is off.  马达停了。
To be off 还可用在某些固定的说法里。如:
to be off with the old love and on with the new(另找新欢)


believe,believe in
这一对词语都表示“相信不疑”的意思,但词意有细微的区别。
Believe表示“相信”、“信以为真”(to accept as true)之意,它是及物动词,其后直接跟宾语。例:
Do you believe his reports?你相信他的报告吗?
I could hardly believe my eyes.我几乎不能相信自己的眼睛。
In ancient times it was believed that the earth was flat.古时候,人们认为地球是扁平的。
Believe in则表示“信仰”、“信任”(to have faith in somebody or something)之意。其后的常用搭配语为:有关宗教、理论、原则、概念及可信任之人,如:a religion、ghosts、 fairies、 a theory、 a friend等词;例中的believe为不及物动词。如:
We do not believe in ghosts.我们不信鬼神。
He believes in getting plenty of exercise.他相信多锻炼身体就会有好处。
In the days of the French Revolution,people believed in liberty,equality and fraternity.
法国大革命时代的人们信奉自由、平等及博爱。
现在试比较下列两语的不同涵义:
I believe him.(=I believe what he says)我相信他(的话)。
I believe in him.(=I trust him )我相信他是一个可以信得过的人。(即:我信任他)
在英美人的谈话中,经常可以听到这么一句口头禅——Believe me:这是一个用以表示希望对方相信自己谈话的口头语,它相当于I bet或 Take my word for it。例:
Believe me,you will get well very soon.你一定会很快就恢复健康的。
Believe me 可以根据不同的场合,译作“真的”、“我不骗你”、“一定会”或“请相信”。


borrow,lend
这一对动词都是“借”、“借用”的意思,但使用场合不同。
Borrow是“借他人的东西以暂时使用”,表示“从(问)…借”之意,故译“借入”;其搭配介词为from。例:
May I borrow your car?我可以借你的汽车用一下吗?
Did you borrow money from him ?你问他借过钱吗?
Some people are good at borrowing but had at giving back.有些人很会借东西,但很少归还。
Japanese has borrowed heavily from Chinese.日语从汉语借用了大量的词汇。
Lend是“将自己的东西暂时借给别人使用”,表示“借给……”之意,故译“借出”;其搭配介词为to。例:
Will you lend me your car?你可否把汽车借给我?
I'm sorry.I've already lent my car to Mr.Wang.对不起,我已经把我的汽车借给王先生了。
在某些场合下,“lend…to”可以表示“给予”、“赋予”之意。例:
A fireplace lends coziness to a room.壁炉给房间带来温暖舒适之感。
A becoming dress lends charm to a lady.合身的服装会给女士增添魅力。
The rural environment lent itself to the restoration of his health.
乡村的环境有助于他恢复健康。
Loan与lend同义,前者大都用于美国,后者大多用于英国:
He loaned/lend me all the antiques for exhibition.他借给我全部古董作为展览之用。
Loan亦可用作名词,如:make a loan(借出);pay off(repay)a loan(偿清或偿还借款)。例:
He obtained cheap loans from the bank.他从银行获得低息贷款。


breath,breathe
这两个词都是表示“呼吸”的意思,但词性和读音不同。 breath/breI是名词; breathe/briJ/是动词。初学英语的人容易将breathe的e丢掉,以致与breath混淆不清。
请看下面例句:
After we had climbed to the top of the hill,we stopped to gather breath.我们爬到山顶后便停下来歇口气。
Only in the countryside can we have a breath of fresh air.只有在郊野我们才能呼吸到新鲜的空气。
He has run himself out of breath.他跑得上气不接下气。
The old lady breathed her last this morning.老太太今天早上断气了。
In an attack of asthma,she breathed hard.哮喘发作,她感到呼吸困难。
It's healthy to breathe deeply in the morning早上作深呼吸对身体有益。
请注意,在下列例句内,breathe和 take a breath不能互换使用,因为它们表达的涵义有所不同:
We breathe in order to live.为了生存,我们要呼吸。
We paused to take a breath我们停下来喘了一口气。


bring,take,carry,fetch
这四个词都是动词,都含有“带”或“拿”的意思,但使用场合各不相同。
Bring作“带来”、“拿来”解; take是bring的对语,作“带去”、“拿去”解。例:
Next year you may bring your family over from England.明年你可以把你的家属从英国带来。
Why don't you bring your girl friend to the party?你为什么不把你的女友带来参加宴会?
Next time don't forget to brig me a copy of your work.下次不要忘了把一份您的作品带给我。
Please take these books to the library for me.请把这些书替我带到图书馆去。
Take the box away,please.请把盒子拿走。
Carry表示“运载”、“携带”之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车、船,也可以用手甚至用头;fetch则表示“去拿来”(go and bring)的意思。例:
They are carrying some paintings to the art gallery.他们正在把一些画带到艺术馆去。
This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers.这辆巴士规定乘载一百人。
Please fetch me the documents in that room.请到那间房间去把那些文件拿来给我。
Please wait a minute.He's just gone out to fetch some water.请等一会儿。他刚出去打水。
现将bring,take和fetch用在一个句中,以便区别:
Take that box and bring it with you,or if it is too heavy for you tocarry it,I'll send Joe to fetch it.
请注意,bring之后可以接不定式和动名词,如:
You will never bring me to admit it.或 You will never bring me to admitting it.
在这种场合下,英美人用不定式的居多。bring在这两句中表示 cause someone to do something之意(使某人做某事)。